THE ROLE OF CONTROLLED DRUG RELEASE IN CANCER THERAPEUTICS Essay

3 Steps to Acing Your Upcoming Group Interview You’ve been approached in for a board meet. Perhaps you’re threatened. Perhaps frightened. Possibly you’re not even sure you comprehend what that really involves. Whatever your degree of fear, here are three simple strides to traversing your board meet tranquilly and in one piece. Stage 1: BEFOREYou reserve the privilege to ask who will be on your board. Do this. At that point inquire about each board part as well as could be expected. You’ll have the option to make sense of a considerable amount and get ready better for what each may be generally quick to ask you. What does this specific gathering of individuals educate you regarding what the organization is attempting to assess?You can likewise ask to what extent (generally) the meeting should last. This will give you a nice sentiment for what amount to and fro conversation will be conceivable, how much space you’ll be given to pose inquiries, to what extent your answers can be, etc.Step 2: DURING Treat every individual on the board like an individual not simply one more anonymous face. This isn't an indifferent divider asking you inquiries. Every questioner on your board is another chance to make a human association and persuade that a lot more individuals in the organization what an extraordinary fit you would be.Be sure to observe everybody’s name as they are presented. Record every one if that causes you recall. When responding to questions, talk straightforwardly to the person who asked, yet then attempt to widen your answer out to cause the remainder of the board to feel remembered for the discussion.Step 3: AFTERYou’ve took in their names and put forth an attempt to interface with each board part presently thank every single one of them earnestly withâ solid eye to eye connection and a quality handshake. From that point forward, it’s the typical post-meet follow-up methodology. Be that as it may, recall that you have to keep in touch with one card to say thanks for each board part. It appears to be a torment, however it’s these little contacts that will help set you apart.The board talk with: 6 hints for previously, during, and after

The Bamboo Forest Fighting Sequence free essay sample

Francheska Sanchez Professor Charles French ENG255 Literature and Film August 4, 2010 A Sequence Analysis: â€Å"The Bamboo Forest Fighting Sequence† in Ang Lee’s Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon Perhaps, the amazing storyline of the Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon was what empowered one of the best true to life hand to hand fighting executives Ang Lee, to make a film out of the Chinese epic. In this film, Lee’s essential capacity isn't just to depict dexterously arranged battling scenes, yet additionally to interface amazing groupings of occasions that addresses the enthusiastic complex human condition that is related with both the Taoist and Buddhist conviction frameworks. By not permitting activity to be the sole directing power of the story of Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, Lee has without a doubt made some adjustment to the Taoist and Buddhist way of thinking. The Bamboo Forest Fighting scene appends these components in a lovely grouping. The reasonable Buddhist and Taoist methods of reasoning radiate through every component of the grouping to create a working subtext that regards and edges the way of life of the fantasies beginning. The Bamboo Forest Fighting scene is the experience between two of the primary characters Jen Yu (Zhang Ziyi) and Li Mu Bai (Chow Yun-Fat) where they are on bamboo trees in a duel. This is an amazing arranged, however non-customary battling scene also. The characters both appear as though they are hitting the dance floor with the bamboo. In Taoist way of thinking comes back to the standard of permitting chi to stream without battle, and along these lines the Tao educates the move like, musical, and wavy characteristics of the hand to hand fighting depicted in the arrangement; Buddhism reasoning distinguishes the bamboo as void and genuine psyche, in this manner permitting Jen Yu and Li Mu Bai to quiet their brain in the backwoods. These standards additionally influence the smooth hand to hand fighting style of the grouping, combative techniques that happens regularly, and which is encircled by such secret, that it turns into its very own character. In the bamboo timberland arrangement, existence become both unreasonable and conflicting as time eases back down, and Jen Yu and Li Mu Bai end up in a long branch confronting one another (L. S. ). Another shot in the arrangement, when Jen Yu is falling through the bamboo stems a low-edge shot causes her to appear to be helpless as though the bamboo controls her; the following shot Li Mu Bai is at a high-point shot looking towards Jen Yu, which makes him look effortless and prevailing of the circumstance in the grouping. Time eases back down to build up the harmony, quality and the connection between the characters. It is this mix of a duel uncovering that sets up the mental fine purposes of the characters. The characters inside are not just physical creatures intended to complete the activity, yet rather they are created and entangled. In this manner, Lee makes multi-dimensional characters, however he likewise shows an intense comprehension of the codes and shows of the Taoist and Buddhist thoughts. These Buddhist and Taoist standards notice are the spine framing Li Mu Bai, yet speaks to the fundamental direct opposite to Jen Yu activities and responses in spite of her aptitudes of battling. Rather than moving in concordance with the progression of chi she defies it. In the arrangement there is a second when they are both on a bamboo stem and Jen Yu is making a decent attempt to unbalance Li Mu Bai, yet he takes a gander at her with this unadulterated honest grin. He appears to be so quiet and in offset with nature, since he and nature are both one. That asserts the Taoist and Buddhist convictions. While, Jen Yu appears to be baffled, unfocused, and unbalance. This particular bamboo woods arrangement doesn’t have a lot of verbal correspondence, however increasingly physical in the feeling of nature and the characters. The verbal cooperation is supplanted by the noteworthiness of shading (foundation) and lighting in the grouping. Explicit hues and lighting were utilized in regard to the Taoist and Buddhist standards. Green what is for the most part found in this grouping speaks to a serious wide perspective on what is streaming inside and around the characters. The green represents nature, everlasting life, expectation, and resurrection in addition to other things. The lighting is high key; it doesn’t cause to notice anything explicit, yet puts everything as one, which is a piece of the Taoist and Buddhist way of thinking. In the bamboo backwoods, long shots of the regular habitat are utilized to show he association of the earth with Taoism. You see this straightforwardness, equalization, unity and association of nature in the battling succession. The characters don't stand apart from the scene. They mix against the trees mixing in with nature. The medium shots in the arrangement, particular ly aerials, permit a feeling of the bigger scene, while close ups of the entertainers during the grouping give very personal minutes. The camera follows calculated shots to make an intriguing dynamic with regards to the bamboo timberland airborne grouping, the camera truly weaves with the development of the characters. While dynamic calculated shots and weaving camerawork help the succession, straightforward surrounding, over the shoulder shots and medium shots help reestablish security and amicability to the edge. In the grouping, the amicable confining of long shots including the indigenous habitat suggests misery, since nature speaks to the illustration for change and passing. Such shots make a profound and light quality that channel through the arrangement photography. Excellent photography esteems offer introduction to the acting estimations of the succession. The arrangement development intentionally looks for balance inside itself the photography, which sticks the grouping particular components into a brought together structure. In the photography of the succession, amicable parity and evenness rule, and are reminiscent of Chinese scene painting, and work of art likewise impacted vigorously by Taoism. Chinese composition and Taoism resemble yin and yang, for one can't exist without the other. Without a doubt one may nearly say that Chinese work of art, especially scene painting, is a projection in visual terms of Taoist and Buddhist way of thinking. It is a show of perpetual procedure of blending alternate extremes, which goes on in the succession. Photography and the long shots of the bamboo woods make a ground-breaking sense by giving us the watcher a feeling of measurement, just as permitting the on-screen characters an opportunity to respond. Overlaying the magnificent photography work, the bamboo timberland scene sound speaks to the completing pinch of the arrangement, a last ground-breaking join in the inventive chain that uplifts the ageless and expressive tone. Just as taking the crowd on an excursion downs the enthusiastic ways of the characters as they battle. For most of the grouping sound, there is low and contemplative cello that runs between areas of the bamboo woods battle succession. It’s coordinated totally to cause you to feel a specific thing: joy, dread, quietness, and nature. The significance of music in Taoist service is exhibited by uncovering how focal convictions are reflected through components of music, for example, concordance, instrumentation and mood. Taoists accept that music is an approach to address the divine beings, to motivate strict adherents and to accomplish internal congruity, carrying the audience or member closer to Tao. Tao is the way to illumination, the objective of all supporters of the Taoist confidence. We can see these standards applied to the bamboo timberland scene. The character of Li Mu Bai is looking for Jen Yu to come to amicability with herself, to illumination. By inspecting the job of music in Taoist ceremonies, it is obvious that instrumentation and vocalization assume focal jobs. The structure of the occasion has been appeared to represent the parity perfect of Taoism. In the decent way of thinking of Taoism without music there would just be quietness, singular, alone and lopsided. At last, Lee’s last item depicts a various show from the past combative techniques films. He picked a ground-breaking novel that took in regard his and his predecessors foundation of otherworldliness and strict goals. What's more, he thrived it into an old style Chinese film that related the lessons of the Taoist and Buddhist. The film challenges the laws of rationale and reality, yet regardless of all the exertion set on the tasteful standards, the faultless components of mise-en-scene got everything together.

How to Write an Analytical Essay Introduction

How to Write an Analytical Essay IntroductionIf you are to write an analytical essay introduction then you need to know a few things about what the essay is and what it does. Analytical essays are used for many different reasons, but the main purpose of them is to put a little more pressure on your reader to either make up their mind or look over what you have to say. The main reason that an analytical essay introduction needs to be well written is because when your reader is pressed with lots of information they will be forced to think and come to conclusions about the topic in question.So if you want to know how to write an analytical essay introduction, you need to know what an essay is. It is a text that is generally written by someone. A lot of the writing that you see on the internet is simply a resume that someone has filled out and sent to various job sites. An essay is also a text that is written by someone but the difference between the two is that an essay is not created l ike a resume, but is rather created and then written up by the person who is making the post.A first step that you should take in order to know how to write an analytical essay introduction is to be familiar with the things that are common to them. For example, they all have the same general format, they all contain the same information that is presented and they are all similar in that they generally start with an introduction that highlights a point that needs to be stated. If you want to know how to write an analytical essay introduction that is really simple, just know that every essay can be broken down into its different parts,and this is the exact thing that you need to do in order to know how to write an analytical essay introduction.So if you have already learned that an analytical essay introduction can be broken down into its parts you need to realize that there are also a few other things that need to be mentioned. First of all, you need to know what makes up the essay. This is because the topic thatthe essay is trying to present is something that they are more interested in knowing and therefore needs to have as much information as possible. This means that in order to write an analytical essay introduction that is really good, you need to give them as much information as possible so that they will be forced to make up their own mind.Another thing that you need to know about how to write an analytical essay introduction is that the content that you need to include in your essay is typically determined by the subject matter that you are writing about. This means that you need to know how to write an analytical essay introduction in order to know what kind of topic you should write about. Of course, there are some things that are common to every essay, but there are still some exceptions to everything. So you need to know what kind of essay you are writing before you even start to think about what is needed to be included in it.Another thing that yo u need to know about how to write an analytical essay introduction is that it is done from a writer's perspective, which means that you need to know exactly what you are going to say before you begin writing. This is because you need to know exactly what you are going to do to the paper, so that you can figure out how to write an analytical essay introduction. One way that you can figure out the formula is to take the topic of the essay, like the topic of the essay that you are creating, and then use that to figure out the specific strategies that you need to use to write an analytical essay introduction.Once you learn how to write an analytical essay introduction you will notice that you don't have to worry about the details of what you are going to say. It is easy to come up with an analytic essay introduction because you already know what the topic is.

How Do I Find an Old GMAT Score

If youve taken the GMAT in the past but set then misplaced or forgot your score because you delayed going to graduate or business school, take heart. If you took the test up to 10 years ago, you have options: There are ways to retrieve your old score.  If youre looking for an old GMAT score that is more than 10 years old, however, you may be out of luck. GMAT Score Basics A GMAT score, the score that you receive when you take the Graduate Management Admissions Test, is vital for gaining admission to  graduate programs. Many business schools use GMAT scores to make admissions decisions (as in who to let into business school and whom to reject). The Graduate Management Admission Council, which administers the test, keeps old GMAT scores for 10 years. After 10 years, youll have to take the exam again if you plan to attend business or graduate school. Considering that most graduate and management programs wont accept a GMAT score older than five years, youd have to retake it anyway, even if you retrieve your score for a GMAT you took more than half a decade ago. Retrieving  Your GMAT   Score If you took the GMAT a couple years ago and need to know your scores, you have a few options. You can create an account on the  GMAC  website. Youll be able to access your scores this way. If you previously registered but forgot your login information, you can reset your password. The GMAC also allows you to order old GMAT scores by phone, mail, fax or online, with different fees assessed for each method. There is also a $10 fee for every customer service phone call, so you can save money by requesting your score reports via email or the  online contact form. The GMACs contact information is: Email: GMATCandidateServicesAmericaspearson.comPhone: (toll-free): 1-800-717-GMAT 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. central time or 1-952-681-3680Fax: 1-952-681-3681 Tips and Hints The GMAC is always making improvements to the exam. The test you took even a few years ago is not identical to the one youd take today. For instance, if its been a long time—prior to the next generation GMAT introduced in 2012—you may not have taken the integrated  reasoning section, which can really show off your ability to  synthesize materials, analyze several facets to form an answer and solve complex multidimensional problems. The GMAC now also offers an  enhanced score report, which shows you  how you performed on specific skills tested in each section, how long it took you to answer each question, and how your skill level compares with other people who took the test from the past three years.   If you do decide to retake the GMAT, take the time to review the  parts of the test, such as the analytical writing assessment and verbal reasoning section, how the test is  scored, and even take a  sample GMAT test  or two and peruse other review materials to sharpen your skills.

Character Comparisons of Winston vs. Guy in Fahrenheit...

Winston Smith vs. Guy Montag The two protagonists in Fahrenheit 451 and 1984 both started out somewhere, following the rules and doing what they were told, and towards the end of the book you see them change and become completely different people. In 1984, the reader experiences a nightmarish world that Orwell imagines through the eyes of the protagonist, Winston Smith. In Fahrenheit 451, the protagonist, Guy Montag is on a desperate search to find and understand his own life and purpose. These stories are set in the past tense but they both talk about what the future would or could be like. Winston Smith, from the novel 1984, is a low status member of the Party who rules over the nation of Oceania. Winston is never alone, even in his†¦show more content†¦Winston started as a unique man who hated following the rules and he made a complete 180 following the events in jail. Winston came out a new man, with respect for the Party and Big Brother as well as others around him. Winston had this to say about his new life at the end of the book, â€Å"it was all right, everything was all right, the struggle was finished.† When he said the struggle was finished he realized he was done fighting Big Brother and the Party and finally was willing to accept them. Guy Montag, on the other hand, is a fireman who starts fires, rather than stops them, in order to burn books, which are banned. Anyone caught with books are reported and their house and sometimes the people themselves are burned to the ground. People in his society don’t read books, enjoy nature, spend time by themselves, think independently, or have meaningful conversations. Guy is struggling with the meaninglessness of his life. His wife doesn’t seem to care and when he meets a seventeen year old girl named, Clarisse McClellan it opens up his eyes to the emptiness in his life. After this Montag becomes overwhelmed because of the stash of books in his house that he stole while on the job. Beatty, the fire chief, says that it’s normal for every fireman to go through a stage of wondering what books have to offer. Beatty gives Montag the night to see if the books have anything valuable in them, and to return them in the morning to be burned.Show MoreRelatedFahrenh eit 451 Vs. 1984970 Words   |  4 PagesFahrenheit 451 vs. 1984 Ray Bradbury and George Orwell share a very similar theme in their two novels, Fahrenheit 451 and 1984. Winston Smith and Guy Montag work within an authoritarian organization, in which, they have opposing views of the authority. The novels are placed in a dystopian setting that the authority believes is a utopia. The dystopian fictions both have very similar predictions of the future. The predictions from these novels have not happened. However, it could be a short matterRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesSUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 24 Diagnostic Survey and Exercises 24 Personal Assessment of Management Skills (PAMS) 24 What Does It Take to Be an Effective Manager? 28 SSS Software In-Basket Exercise 30 SCORING KEY AND COMPARISON DATA 42 Personal Assessment of Management Skills 42 Scoring Key 42 Comparison Data 42 What Does It Take to Be an Effective Manager? 43 SSS Software In-Basket Exercise 43 PART I 1 PERSONAL SKILLS 44 45 DEVELOPING SELF-AWARENESS SKILL ASSESSMENT 46 Diagnostic Surveys forRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages........................................................................... 251 False Dilemma Fallacy....................................................................................................................... 253 Fallacy of Faulty Comparison .......................................................................................................... 256 Fallacious Appeal to Authority .....................................................................................................

Ottawa Charter Action Areas-Free-Samples for Student-Myassignement

Question: Discuss about the Ottawa Charter Action Areas. Answer: Ottawa Charter Action Areas Diabetes is increasingly becoming a health risk among young people in Australia. Ottawa Charter has described five actions to assist in reducing the risk. The first action involves developing an individual skill set. For example, a person may attend awareness meetings that educate them on the appropriate diet to take (Maximova, Hanusaik, Kishchuk, Paradis, OLoughlin, 2016). The second action involves strengthening a community through health walks to various health centers to visit the sick and also educate other members about the dangers. The third action involves the reorientation of the health facilities through upgrade their systems to help detect this disease at an earlier stage. The fourth action is creating a supportive environment through donations from organizations to help facilities increase their medicine supply (Thompson, Watson, Tilford, 2017). Lastly, it is also essential to build health policies such as the introduction of physical activities in schools to ensure tha t students keep their bodies fit. These actions have a link among individuals, community, and the government. Each group requires the participation of the other to achieve the ultimate health goal. References Maximova, K., Hanusaik, N., Kishchuk, N., Paradis, G., OLoughlin, J. L. (2016). Public health strategies promoting physical activity and healthy eating in Canada: are we changing paradigms? International journal of public health,61(5), 565-572. Thompson, S. R., Watson, M. C., Tilford, S. (2017). The Ottawa Charter 30 years on still an important standard for health promotion.International Journal of Health Promotion and Education, 1-12.

Subway Franchising and China Essay Example

Subway: Franchising and China Paper Entering and operating In international markets use contemporary technology to mml mlse counterfeiting. Many flrms build biotech tags, electronic signatures or holograms into their products to differentiate them from fakes. Continuously update technologies and products. The firm that regularly renews Its technology can stay ahead of counterfeiters by offering products that counterfeiters cannot Imitate fast enough. Also differentiate products by emphasising a strong brand name. Customers usually prefer established brands that eature the latest technology. In the long run, the best way to cope with the consequences of Infringement Is to sustain competitiveness through Innovation and constant technological advances. Then, even when licensing violations occur, the firm is protected because the stolen proper rapidly becomes obsolete. Firms also lobby national governments and international organisations for stronger intellectual property laws and more vigilant enforcement, with limited success. Ultimately, when contractual strategies prove undesirable or Ineffective, focal firms may step up to the igher-control entry strategy of acquiring ownership, which accompanies FDI. Closing Case Subway and the challenges of franchising In China subway, the fast-food marketer of submarine sandwiches and salads, has over 32 000 stores in 90 countries and generates over US$12 billion in annual revenues. The franchisJng chain opened its first international restaurant in Bahrain in 1984. Since then, Subway (www. subway. com) has expanded worldwide, and generates about 20 per cent of Its annual revenues abroad. The firm e xpects foreign markets to contribute to much of its future growth. Subway is the third-largest US fast-food chain in China, after McDonalds and KFC. We will write a custom essay sample on Subway: Franchising and China specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Subway: Franchising and China specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Subway: Franchising and China specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Fish and tuna salad sandwiches are the top sellers. By 2006 Subway had opened fewer than 40 stores in China. The franchise had Its share of Inltlal setbacks. Subways master franchisor In Bel]lng. Jim Bryant. lost money to a scheming partner and had to teach the franchising concept to a country that had never heard of it. until recently, there was no word in Chinese for franchise. Cultural problems remain an ongoing challenge. After Bryant opened his first Subway shop, customers stood outside and watched for a few days. When they finally tried to buy a sandwich, they were so confused that Bryant had to print signs explaining how to order. They didnt believe the tuna salad was made from fish because they could not see the head or tail. They didnt like the idea of touching their food , so they would gradually peel off the paper wrapping and eat the sandwich Iike a banana. To make matters worse, few customers liked sandwiches. But Subway-or Sai Bei Wei (Mandarin for tastes better than others)-is forging ahead. Bryant managed to recruit a few highly committed franchisees that he monitors closely to aintain quality. Bryant is now authorised to recruit local entrepreneurs, train them to become franchisees and act as a liaison between them and Subway headquarters. For this work, he receives half of their IJS$IO 000 initial fee and one-third of their 8 per cent royalty fees. Today, there are over 140 Subway stores in China. Other multinational franchisors still face significant challenges in China, particularly in dealing with the Chapter 16 Licensing, franchising and other contractual strategies 485 ambiguous legal environment, finding appropriate partners and identifying the most uitable marketing, financing and logistics strategies. Famous brands such as AW, Dunkin Donuts and Rainforest Cafe have all experienced these issues. Why China for franchising? On the surface, franchising in China is very attractive because of its huge market, long-term growth potential and dramatic rise in disposable income among its rapidly expanding urban population. The market for fast food is estimated at IJS$1 5 billion per year. Chinas urban population, the target market for casual dining, has expanded at a 5 per cent compound annual growth rate over the past several years, a trend expected to continue. Increasingly hectic lifestyles have led to an increase in meals the Chinese eat outside the home. Surveys reveal that Chinese consumers are interested in sampling nonchinese foods. Market researchers have identified several major benefits to franchising in China: law makers, entrepreneurs and consumers. Focal firms must educate government officials, potential franchisees and creditors on the basics of franchising, a process that consumes energy, time and money. A win-win proposition. Restaurants were one of the first industries the government opened to private ownership in the early 1980s. Franchising in China combines the Western know-how of franchisors with the local market knowledge of franchisees. Many Chinese have strong entrepreneurial instincts and are eager to launch their own businesses. Ambiguous legal environment. Franchisors need to examine closely Chinas legal system regarding contracts and intellectual property rights. The Chinese government introduced regulations permitting franchising in 1997. The legal system is evolving and is full of loopholes and ambiguities. Some critical elements are not covered . The situation has led to diverse interpretations of the legality of franchising in China. Franchisors must be vigilant about protecting trademarks. A local imitator can quickly dilute or damage a trademark a focal firm has built up through much expense and effort. Branding is important to franchising success, but consumers become confused if several similar brands are present. For instance, Starbucks fought a Shanghai coffee shop that had copied its logo and name. The fast-food hamburger chain Merry Holiday uses a yellow colour scheme and emphasises the letter M in its signage, similar to McDonalds. There have been reports about fake Burger King restaurants perating in China. Large franchisors such as KFC and Pizza Hut are struggling to root out counterfeiters. Escalating start-up costs. Ordinarily, entry through franchising is cost-effective. However, various challenges, combined with linguistic and cultural barriers, can increase the up-front investment and resource demands of new entrants in China and delay profitability. Given the shortage of restaurant equipment in China, the franchisor may have to invest in store equipment and lease it to the franchisee, at least until the franchisee can afford to buy it. Franchisors must be patient. McDonalds has been in China since the early 1990s and has devoted substantial resources to building its brand. But few firms have its resources. Minimal entry costs. Because much of the cost of launching a restaurant is borne by local entrepreneurs, franchising minimises the costs to franchisors of entering the market. Rapid expansion. By leveraging the resources of numerous local entrepreneurs, the franchisor can get set up quickly. Franchising is superior to other entry strategies for rapidly establishing many outlets throughout any new market. Brand consistency. Because franchisors are required to adhere strictly to company perating procedures and policies, brand consistency is easier to maintain. Circumvention of legal constraints. Franchising allows the focal firm to avoid trade barriers associated with exporting and FDI, common in China. Challenges of franchising in China Chinas market franchisors: also poses many challenges for Knowledge gap. Despite the likely pool of potential franchisees, realistically, few Chinese have significant knowledge about how to start and operate a business. There is still much confusion about franchising among Perhaps the biggest challenge of launching franchises in China is finding the right artners. It is paradoxical that entrepreneurs with the capital to start a restaurant often lack the business experience or entrepreneurial drive, while entrepreneurs with sufficient drive and expertise often lack the start-up capital. Subways franchise fee of IJS$IO 000 is equivalent to more than two years salary for the average Chinese. China lacks an adequate system of banks and other capital sources for small business, so entrepreneurs often borrow funds from family members and friends to launch business ventures. Fortunately, Chinese banks are increasingly open to franchising. The Bank of China established a comprehensive credit line of IJS$12 million for Kodak franchisees. Entering and operating in international markets Availability and financing of suitable real estate are major considerations as well, particularly for initial showcase stores where location is critical. According to real estate laws enacted in 1990, local and foreign investors are allowed to develop, use and administer real estate. But in many cases, the Chinese government owns real estate that is not available for individuals to purchase. Private property laws are underdeveloped and franchisees occasionally risk eviction. Fortunately, a growing number of malls and shopping centres are good locations for franchised restaurants. The Chinese authorities maintain restrictions on the repatriation of profits to the home country. Strict rules discourage repatriation of the initial investment, making this capital rather illiquid. To avoid this problem, firms make initial capital investments in stages to minimise the risk of not being able to withdraw overinvested funds. Fortunately, China is gradually relaxing its restrictions, and franchisors have been reinvesting their profits back into China to continue to fund the growth of their perations. Reinvesting profits also provides a natural hedge against exchange rate fluctuations. learning from the success of others Experience has shown that new entrants to China often benefit from establishing a presence in Hong Kong and then moving inland towards the southern provinces. Before it was absorbed by mainland China, Hong Kong was one of the worlds leading capitalist economies. It is an excellent pro-business location to gain experience for doing business in China. In other cases, franchisors have launched stores in smaller Chinese cities, gaining xperience there before expanding into more costly competitive urban environments such as Beijing and Shanghai. Adapting offerings to local tastes appears to be a prerequisite. Suppliers and business infrastructure in the country are often lacking. Franchisors spend much money to develop supplier and distribution networks. They may also need to build logistical infrastructure to move inputs from suppliers to individual stores. McDonalds has replicated its supply chain, b ringing its key suppliers, such as potato supplier Simplot, to China. There is no one best approach in China. For instance, TGI Fridays imports roughly three-quarters of its food supplies, which helps it to maintain quality. But heavy importing is expensive and exposes profitability to exchange rate fluctuations.

Education and Schools in Texas

Education and Schools in Texas Every state adheres to a different set of rules and regulations regarding education.  State governments seemingly take varying approaches on almost every education and school related piece of legislation.  Hot issues such as standardized testing, charter schools, teacher certification, and school vouchers are handled differently in each state.  This profile focuses on education and schools in Texas. District/School Information Texas Commissioner of Education: Mike Morath Length of School Year: A minimum of 180 days is required by Texas state law. Number of Public School Districts: There are 1,031 public school districts in Texas. Number of Public Schools: There are 9,317 public schools in Texas.**** Number of Students Served in Public Schools: There are 5,000,470 public school students in Texas.**** Number of Teachers in Public Schools: There are 324,282 public school teachers in Texas.**** Number of Charter Schools: There are 618 charter schools in Texas. Per Pupil Spending: Texas spends $8,837 per pupil in public education. **** Average Class Size: The average class size In Texas is 15.4 students per 1 teacher.**** Percentage of Title I Schools: 79.7% of schools in Texas are Title I Schools.**** Percentage With Individualized Education Programs (IEP): 8.7% of students in Texas are on IEPs.**** Percentage in Limited-English Proficiency Programs: 14.9% of students in Texas are in limited-English Proficient Programs.**** Percentage of Student Eligible for Free/Reduced Lunches: 51.0% of students in Texas schools are eligible for free/reduced lunches.**** Ethnic/Racial Student Breakdown:**** White: 30.5% Black: 12.8% Hispanic: 50.8% Asian: 3.5% Pacific Islander: 0.1% American Indian/Alaskan Native: 0.4% School Assessment Data Graduation Rate: 78.9% of all students entering high school in Texas graduate.** Average ACT/SAT score: Average ACT Composite Score: 20.9*** Average Combined SAT Score: 1432***** 8th grade NAEP assessment scores:**** Math: 284 is the scaled score for 8th grade students in Texas. The U.S. average was 281. Reading: 261 is the scaled score for 8th grade students in Texas. The U.S. average was 264. Percentage of Students Who Attend College After High School: 56.2% of students in Texas go on to attend some level of college.*** Private Schools Number of Private Schools: There are 1,297 private schools in Texas.* Number of Students Served in Private Schools: There are 246,030 private school students in Texas.* Homeschooling Number of Students Served Through Homeschooling: There are an estimated 146,309 students that were homeschooled in Texas in 2015.# Teacher Pay The average teacher pay for the state of Texas was $48,110 in 2013.## The state of Texas has a teacher’s minimum salary schedule. However, some districts may negotiate salaries with their teachers.    *Data courtesy of Education Bug **Data courtesy of ED.gov ***Data courtesy of ACT ****Data courtesy of the National Center for Education Statistics ******Data courtesy of The Commonwealth Foundation #Data courtesy of A2ZHomeschooling.com ##Average salary courtesy of National Center of Education Statistics ###Disclaimer:  The information provided on this page changes frequently.  It will be updated regularly as new information and data becomes available.

Caro Goar’s Perspective on Senior Citizens Take on Carewatch and Ageism as Written in Goar

Caro Goar’s Perspective on Senior Citizens Take on Carewatch and Ageism as Written in Goar According to the article â€Å"Senior Citizens are Mobilizing Against Ageism: Goar,† written by Carol Goar of the Toronto Star, people in the Canadian community are striving to make a difference towards ageism. Carewatch is a social action committee. They have discovered that ageism is present in many shapes in forms. They noted that ageism is seen in many places: in government, business, fashion, the media, social services, and advertising. The author noted that there was a three step process that the city is using in order to fight ageism. The first step is to take back the title â€Å"senior citizens†. Older citizens in Canada do not appreciate the fact that they aren’t being recognized as senior citizens. Most people refer to these older adults as seniors only. Many senior citizens feel like society should not shorten the phrase to only one word, and that it is important to include both words. The second goal was to provide senior citizens adequate home care through designed funding. The third goal is to get other organizations involved to help solve the problem of ageism in Toronto, Canada. Carewatch is a fifteen year nonprofit that consists of â€Å"a voluntary group of active, informed senior citizens†. Their goal is to be able to be more involved in society. Through this nonprofit, the group hopes that senior citizens have the opportunity to have more control, respect, and human rights. Based on the article, it is said that ageism is the only form of discrimination that is still generally accepted in Canada. Carewatch hopes to put an end to this, where senior citizens can live self-sufficiently with the right support services. One problem that they addressed is that senior citizens tend to keep their age a secret. Whether it is their appearance, form of speech, or the way they act, senior citizens try not to reveal their age. Part of the problem was recognized by Neysmith. Ageism is present in government, business, fashion, the media, social services, and advertising. For example, not one senior citizen was placed in a brochure advertisement for the Pan Am Ga mes Secretariat. Neysmith is hoping to â€Å"convince other organizations that the best way to get actions was to band together.† Ageism is known as the discrimination and stereotyping of older adults. This concept is present in Toronto, Canada, as well as the rest of the world. Ageism can really affect the elderly in a negative manner. This has the power to instill a fearing about getting older. This could lead to dependency, segregation, and the mistreatment of the elderly. It is unfortunate how ageism really separates â€Å"younger people† from â€Å"older people†. This type of inequality is unfair because the elderly are given less power. The way print media and electronic media portray older adults is unfair. In this case, older adults were not included in a brochure advertisement. Ageism is demonstrated in many ways. Ageism is present in the workplace. For example, they are not given many opportunities compared to workers who are younger than them. This includes not receiving any training, compensation, or promotions. I only hope that Carewatch’s efforts follow through. I would have to agree with their efforts. I believe that one way to help push this idea forward is by working with other organizations. By doing this, this will spread more awareness about the unfair treatment of the elderly. This can eventually lead to some sort of response, with a step towards giving the elderly what they truly deserve – human rights, respect, and home care. What I didn’t realize was the fact that the eldery try to hide their age. That was a statement that really surprised me. I didn’t take notice of that until I started reading this article. Although this may happen, society should be supportive of senior citizens regardless. We shouldn’t perpetuate these negative perceived ideas with the elderly. The creation of this nonprofit may not seem important to many, but I feel like it is a great idea. I hope that this type of discrimination gets put to rest in the near future.

History of Google Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

History of Google - Essay Example By the time the year 2000 ended, Google was already handling more than 100 million search queries a day, while always continuously looking for new ways to connect people with the information they needed, whenever and wherever they needed it. Â  The company founders of Google, Larry Page, and Sergey Brin were apparently actually not very fond of each other when they first met at Stanford University. Both Page and Brin had strong opinions and divergent viewpoints and basically argued about every single topic they discussed. However, it was this anomaly which "would eventually find common ground in a unique approach to solving one of computing's biggest challenges: retrieving relevant information from a massive set of data." ("Google", 2006). Â  It was in January of 1996 when the collaboration had begun on Google, which at that point in time was titled 'BackRub'. The reasoning Larry and Sergey gave for the naming of Google at this point in time was for its "unique ability to analyze the 'backlinks' pointing to a given website." ("Google", 2006). In 1998, Larry and Sergey began the search for a buyer, all the while continuing to work to perfect their technology through the first half of 1998. They, in fact, bought a terabyte of disks at bargain prices and built their own computer housings setup in Larry's dorm room, which actually became Google's first data center. Although the two were determined to find a potential business partner, at that point in time no one was interested at all in the idea. One among the many they called was their friend and Yahoo! founder David Filo, who said that "When it's fully developed and scalable, let's talk again." ("Google", 2006). He was impressed and thought that their technology was so lid, but encouraged them to grow the service themselves by starting a search engine company. Â  It was Andy Bechtolsheim, one of the founders of Sun Microsystems, took a long at Larry and Sergey's demo and saw the long view potential. It was he who gave them their first check - for $100,000. However, since there was no legal entity known as 'Google, Inc.", (which the check was written out to), Larry and Sergey were basically forced to set up an actual corporation, which they did. It was set up as an attachment to the garage of a friend who sublet space to the new corporation's staff of three. Â  

Micronutrient deficiency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Micronutrient deficiency - Essay Example Still, much needs to be done, before a complete and conclusive success is achieved in this aspect of health care. Disorders Caused by Iodine Deficiency Iodine deficiency can impact human health much before the birth of a child. Iodine deficiency has the potential to jeopardize children’s mental health and in some instances could put to risk the very survival of a child (WHO: Online). Iodine deficiency leads to the impairment of the cognitive development in children (WHO: Online). Iodine deficiency has severe repercussions during pregnancy. It could lead to still births, abortions and may lead to congenital abnormalities like mental retardation that is grave and mostly irreversible, and cretinism (WHO: Online). Iodine deficiency also gives way to goiter (WHO: Online). These are some of the visible and easily discernable disorders caused by iodine deficiency. Of far greater significance is the less visible impact of iodine deficiency that most often gives way to mental impairmen t resulting in a compromise of the intellectual capacities in children and adults, in the day to day life (WHO: Online). Symptoms of Iodine Deficiency Some common symptoms of iodine deficiency include goiter or enlargement of the thyroid, weight gain, weakness, fatigue and depression (Mercer, 2006).

I am a Wimp :: Personal Narrative Essay Example

I am a Wimp I am sitting alone on the "N" train. I am in my usual spot: back car, second floor, first window seat. It is cold inside. It is wet outside. I'm tired. My thoughts are playing themselves out in-between the lyrics on my walk-man. For Friday, I am mellow. The two sides of my personality are trying to communicate, and I have decided to simply sit down and listen to the conversation. My weekday self goes to high school in Manhattan. I am often tired and try simply to get through the day. I usually do not have fun during the week. I like my friends, but there is no time to have a good time together. I feel inadequate at my high school. Many students do just as much work as I do and make it look easy. My "week" self is often frustrated. In comparison, my weekend self is rested and happy. I leisurely groom myself in the morning. My weekend friends are impressed that I travel so far to get to school. They are impressed that I get good grades. But overall they are impressed that I am allowed to leave for lunch and that I actually go back to classes. My weekend self buys into the hype, and is very proud. I realize part of the equation is location. My weekday self spends its days on Madison Avenue, while my weekend self spends its days in Queens. Even though I have lived my entire life in this neighborhood I have always felt a little out of place. It's a tough neighborhood and I'm not afraid to say I am a wimp. I enjoy the freedoms of the Upper East Side. The only attitude I receive is from rich women who wish teenagers would stop crowding their streets and talking too loudly. If I give someone a look, I am not afraid they are going to follow me or "jump" me. The kids in my neighborhood rarely finish school. Most go to an alternative high school or get their G.E.D. after dropping out. They eventually get decent jobs, but few receive college educations. In the end, few adults in my neighborhood enjoy their jobs. I fear this will happen to most of my weekend friends. Location also affects my identity in other ways. I am a Wimp :: Personal Narrative Essay Example I am a Wimp I am sitting alone on the "N" train. I am in my usual spot: back car, second floor, first window seat. It is cold inside. It is wet outside. I'm tired. My thoughts are playing themselves out in-between the lyrics on my walk-man. For Friday, I am mellow. The two sides of my personality are trying to communicate, and I have decided to simply sit down and listen to the conversation. My weekday self goes to high school in Manhattan. I am often tired and try simply to get through the day. I usually do not have fun during the week. I like my friends, but there is no time to have a good time together. I feel inadequate at my high school. Many students do just as much work as I do and make it look easy. My "week" self is often frustrated. In comparison, my weekend self is rested and happy. I leisurely groom myself in the morning. My weekend friends are impressed that I travel so far to get to school. They are impressed that I get good grades. But overall they are impressed that I am allowed to leave for lunch and that I actually go back to classes. My weekend self buys into the hype, and is very proud. I realize part of the equation is location. My weekday self spends its days on Madison Avenue, while my weekend self spends its days in Queens. Even though I have lived my entire life in this neighborhood I have always felt a little out of place. It's a tough neighborhood and I'm not afraid to say I am a wimp. I enjoy the freedoms of the Upper East Side. The only attitude I receive is from rich women who wish teenagers would stop crowding their streets and talking too loudly. If I give someone a look, I am not afraid they are going to follow me or "jump" me. The kids in my neighborhood rarely finish school. Most go to an alternative high school or get their G.E.D. after dropping out. They eventually get decent jobs, but few receive college educations. In the end, few adults in my neighborhood enjoy their jobs. I fear this will happen to most of my weekend friends. Location also affects my identity in other ways.

Poetry Analysis of Going Blind by Rainer Maria Wilke

I chose the poem Going Blind by Rainer Maria Wilke. Essentially, the poem outlines an observer’s thoughts about a girl at a party who is blind. My initial feeling during the first few lines was pity for the blind girl, as the poem talks about her hesitant smile and how she holds her cup differently than everyone else because she can’t see them. She tries to follow along, laughs when cued, is left behind as partygoers start to wander. But then the feeling changes during the last line and another feeling emerges, one of sparked curiosity and a slight shift of perspective.Leading up to that, the observer viewed the girl almost as weak and incapable, left of out the evenings events. She pitied the vacant stare and the slow movements. But then observer catches a glimpse of something else, a glimmer of deeper existence behind the milky eyes. The focus shifts to less of a judgement towards this unknown girl towards herself and a place of self-awareness. She realizes that every thing may not be as her first glance may have suggested.Going Blind is written in a loose rhyme scheme that contributes to the relatable yet mysterious tone of the poem. The punctuation is not dissimilar to prose, but the sixteen lines in quatrain form are cut off to create the rhyme, which is a, b, b, a. I feel this poem appealed more to the sight, as the description given painted, for me, a clear picture of the room full of people, the way she sat with her tea, how the guests ambled from room to room, the way her eyes looked.As far as metaphorical phrases go, the blind girl’s eyes were compared to a lit pond, and her demeanor was compared to a nervous performer’s. The theme of Going Blind, from my perspective, is the complexity and the area of unknown within each blank face we see. We can think we have someone figured out, when in reality, there is more than meets the eye, and specifically, there is more to the character of this poem than her disability.

Early Pregnancy - 4113 Words

General Topics: Pregnancy Narrow Topic: Teenage Pregnancy Thesis Statement: Early Pregnancy places young women’s health and lives at risk as teenage girls over15 years of age twice as like to die from childbirth compared to women in their twenties. Outline I. Early Pregnancy A. Definition B. Classification II. Causes of Early Pregnancy A. Curiosity B. Lack of Knowledge C. Experimenting III. Effects A. Death B. Poverty C. Stop of schooling IV. Conclusion Table of Content Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..1 What is Early Pregnancy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Different Attitudes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Teen Sex†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 The Role of Sex Education†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5-9 * The School * The Church * Parents and Home Sexuality†¦show more content†¦We have to understand that the more mention of â€Å"sex† has brought curiosity to teenagers and they tend to know more about it by experiencing or experimenting. In the Philippines, our traditional folks have a conservative perception of early pregnancy. To them sex is sacred and should be done by married couples. They are also judgmental to the youth who got married at a very young age and they tend to ostracize those people who do not fallow their way of life. Teen Sex While adults and teenagers respond differently about early pregnancy, observers believed that there is already an increase in the acceptance of the issue. There is also openness in the discussion of sex and schools including sex education in their curriculum to them. The teenagers seemed much aware of this issue, as compared to their parents during their time. They alluded to the fact that society in general had become more informed regarding teen sex, teen dating and teen pregnancy. However this climate of increase permissiveness and acceptance of teen sex can create cultural pressure that are challenging to the youth. Teens today are better educated about sex and sexuality from generation before them. yet this increased openness also brings with it some confusing messages. They get the message that teen sex is â€Å"ok†. For some their conclusion seemed to be â€Å"Why not do it?† One ofShow MoreRelatedEarly Pregnancy2116 Words   |  9 PagesEarly Pregnancy young mothers are observable to some extent. 5. There is no significant relationship between the possible causes of early pregnancy and academic performances. Thus... Premium Significance Of a Study Significance of the Study The study of the knowledge, attitude and practice on premarital sex of senior high school students in a certain national high... PremiumSaved Early Pregnancy possible reasons. This paper focuses on determining the possible reasons for early pregnancy among teenagersRead MoreEarly Pregnancy4925 Words   |  20 PagesEARLY PREGNANCY: ITS RISKS AND HARM ________________________________________________________________ In Partial Fullment Of The Requirements In English IV F.Bangoy National Highschool Sasa, Davao City ________________________________________________________________ A Research Paper Presented To: Arvin Maturan Genovate English IV Teacher ________________________________________________________________ By: Rhea Lyca Suarez, Angelo Jadloc, May Ann Ganas Jon Boni Podador, Analyn NaquilaRead MoreThe Early Signs Of Pregnancy917 Words   |  4 Pagesget another test done only to be disappointed before you are reasonably sure. So what are the early signs of pregnancy? What do you look for so that you know that you need to get a test done? There are at least ten definite signs that can tell you very early that you are finally pregnant. Many women will only experience a couple of signs and some will notice nearly all of the very early signs of pregnancy. From the time of conception, it takes about 5-7 days for the embryo to travel down the fallopianRead MorePregnancy Symptoms : Top Early Signs Of Pregnancy Essay2042 Words   |  9 PagesPregnancy symptoms: Top early signs of pregnancy: Introduction: Are you getting some signs that could indicate your pregnancy? Many early symptoms might confirm that you are pregnant within a few weeks after conception. Although your midwife or ob-gyn will confirm your pregnancy during your first pregnancy in the 8th week, you may actually show some early signs even by the time of 5-6 weeks. How a woman’s body does change during pregnancy? Pregnancy is a complicated phase in a woman’s life.Read MoreObesity And Pregnancy : Early Education And Prevention1290 Words   |  6 PagesObesity and Pregnancy: Early education and prevention Alicia Gonzalez de Arreola ENG 122: English Composition Professor Amy Erickson August 25, 2014 â€Æ' Obesity and Pregnancy: Early Education and Prevention Obesity has become an epidemic not only in the United States, it is worldwide (Sullivan, 2014). Obesity affects both mother and child leading to severe complications during and after birth, therefore measures should be taken to monitor and educate women and women who plan on becoming pregnant.Read MoreSocio-Economic Status Affecting the Early Teenage Pregnancy5379 Words   |  22 PagesChapter I The Problems and its Background Introduction National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy says that teenage pregnancy is occurring in an adolescent girl between the ages of 13 to 18. Socioeconomic is one factor in which is the social and economic experiences that help mold ones personality, attitudes, and lifestyle. It can also define regions and neighborhoods. Socioeconomic factors also include the ethnicity, and sense of community. Socioeconomic status is basedRead MoreEarly Pregnancy Among Adolescent Females With Serious Emotional Disturbances1317 Words   |  6 PagesPurpose: The article â€Å"Early Pregnancy among Adolescent Females with Serious Emotional Disturbances: Risk Factors and Outcomes† suggest that teenage pregnancy has many disadvantages that affect the child, mother, and society as a whole. Adolescents who have children early are less likely to provide adequately for their children, more likely to drop out of school, and receive assistance from the government (Yampolsya, Brown, Greenban, 2002). Yampolsya et al., (2002) hypothesized that risk factorsRead MoreThe Pregnancy And Childbearing Practices At The Late Fall And Early Winter We All Deer Hunt1179 Words   |  5 PagesFood Traditions My family and I are avid hunters. During the late fall and early winter we all deer hunt. A traditional Christmas meal for my family does not include turkey or ham, but instead deer loin. During Thanksgiving we do not eat the traditional American turkey, but instead chukar, a type of small bird. Hunting gives you hormone free food and is much healthier for you than the grocery store processed food. Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices Raising children in this day and age can becomeRead MoreAn Early Pregnancy Is No Fairy Tale945 Words   |  4 Pagesmore consumers. Advertisement is a form of communication that focus on a certain topic without sounding too needy or annoying. The ad â€Å"An Early Pregnancy is No Fairy Tale† conveys a message of early teen pregnancy and tries to prevent it from happening. The advertisement represents the ironic story of Snow White and the seven Dwarfs to indicates that early pregnancy will ruin people’s dream of a fairy tale. The advertisement is a picture of Snow White and her seven children that represent the sevenRead MoreAn Early Pregnancy Is No Fairy Tale925 Words   |  4 Pagesand gain more consumers. Advertisement is a form of communication that focuses on a certain topic without sounding too needy or annoying. The ad â€Å"An Early Pregnancy is No Fairy Tale† conveys a message to control and stop teen pregnancy. The advertisement represents the ironic story of Snow White and the seven Dwarfs to indicate that early pregnancy can ruin a person’s dream of a fairy tale. The advertisement is a picture of Snow White and her seven children that represents the seven Dwarfs. Instead

Essay on Holocaust Children - 2974 Words

Children of the Holocaust Advanced Composition/ ENGL 135 June 20, 2011 Alena Synjova once stated, â€Å" I’d like to go away alone where there are other, nicer people, somewhere into the far unknown, there, where no one kills another. Maybe more of us, a thousand strong, will reach this goal before too long† (Volavkovà ¡, 1994, p. 50). During the Holocaust, people craved opportunity to escape to a place where there were polite people and no one killed each other. The Holocaust affected everyone, ranging from the elderly to the young children, who were faced with horrific situations. They witnessed the death of the people around them and were forced to live under unmentionable conditions. The holocaust altered non-Jewish and Jewish†¦show more content†¦46). For this reason, the mentally retarted, physically handicapped, or mentally ill were targets, having been killed in gas chambers. Handicapped infants and small children were killed by an injection with a deadly dose of drugs or by starvation. The bodies were burned in cremato ries leading to more than 200,000 handicapped people murdered between 1940 and 1945 (Bachrach, 1994, p. 32). â€Å"The Jews were transported, either by trains or trucks to six camps; Poland, Chelmno, Treblinka, Sobibor, Belzec, Auschwitz-Birkenau, and Majdanek-Lublin. These camps were called extermination camps. The trips on the train took a few hours and sometimes it took days. The people were crammed into boxcars until there was no room for anyone to move. Freight cars had no seats, no bathroom facilities, and only slatted openings as windows, so inside it was dark, and the air reeked with the smell of bodies and human waste† (Bachrach, 1994, p. 48). Mendy Berger, a Holocaust survivor remembered the train ride and stated, â€Å"One hundred people standing in a locked railroad car, no food, no water, people dying, the smell of the dead, and we had no toilets. We did it right where we were standing, and we couldn’t move away from it† (Adler 1989, p. 67). Arthur Rubin, another Holocaust survivor recounts â€Å"children were crying for water, and mothers’ hearts were torn because they were unable to help them†¦..The train stopped at various stations. There were women standing near the railroad tracks withShow MoreRelatedChildren Of The Holocaust : Children1328 Words   |  6 PagesChildren of the Holocaust As the 1930’s came along, The Nazi’s set out a series of laws and regulations called ‘Nazi Laws’. One of the very first laws was ,†Laws against Overcrowding in German schools and universities†. This was a result of many children were looked down upon by Hitler and his Nazis as ‘racially inferior’. Letters from German Children to the editor of the Nazi tabloid Der Sturmer reveal a shameful potpourri Lettof and fanaticism against their Jewish classmates. The first punishmentRead More Children of the Holocaust Essay983 Words   |  4 Pagesdeliberate intention to kill children in numbers so great that there is no historical precedent for it.† (Lukas, 13 Kindle) About 1.5 million children were murdered by the Nazis during the Holocaust—one million being killed because they were Jews (ushmm.org) The Germans had a clearly defined goal of killing the Jewish children so that there would be no remnants of their race to reprodu ce, resulting in extinction. Not only were the children that were victimized in the Holocaust persecuted and murderedRead More Children of the Holocaust Essay1634 Words   |  7 PagesOver one million Jewish children died during the Holocaust. They were ripped out of their homes and taken away from their families, and stripped of their childhoods. Innocent lives were caught in a war that they were not able to stop. When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, he promised Germany that he would improve life their by getting rid of the one race that caused the problems, the Jews. Jews, including Jewish children, were sent to concentration camps, inspected, and if approved, were sentRead MoreThe Hidden Children Of The Holocaust1642 Words   |  7 PagesThe Holocaust is a very large topic with many subtopics within, which many people have never heard of. One in particular is the Hidden Children of the Holocaust. Like a majority of individuals, I never heard of this topic before, until I st arted my inquiry work. Hiding children during the holocaust was an effort to save thousands of children’s lives. The children were hidden in different ways, either with false identities, underground, and with or without their parents. The children with false identitiesRead MoreIs The Holocaust Over The Children Of The World?1078 Words   |  5 PagesIs the Holocaust over for the children of the world? The Holocaust was a dark time in human history during the reign of Hitler. Millions of Jews were killed by the Nazis. However, some people were still lucky enough to survive. One of these survivors, Leon Leyson, experienced the horrors of pure evil as a child. He lived to share his story, and today in America there are many programs and organizations dedicated to protecting children, but in other parts of the world children continue to experienceRead MoreThe Vulnerability of Children in the Era of the Holocaust942 Words   |  4 PagesChildren were especially vulnerable in the era of the Holocaust. The Nazis advocated killing children of â€Å"unwanted† or â€Å"dangerous† groups in accordance with their ideological views, either as part of the â€Å"racial struggle† or as a measure of preventative security. The Germans and their collaborators killed children both for these ideological reasons and in retaliation for real or alleged partisan attacks. The Germans and their collaborators killed as many as 1.5 million children, including over aRead MoreEssay on Jewish Children during the Holocaust1077 Words   |  5 Pagesit treats its children (Nelson Mandela). If this statement is considered true, then its fair to say that during times of the Holocaust, the German society was at an all time low. Children during the Holocaust did not have a carefree childhood, like they should have, but instead were placed under strenuous conditions. They had to go through being separated from all family and friends, being chosen the first to go to, and in most cases a permanent loss of family members. The Holocaust was undoubtedlyRead MoreEffects of War on Children: Comparing Experiences of Children During the Holocaust and Children Affected by the War on Terrorism1746 Words   |  7 Pageswith all wars that occurred in the past and present. This synopsis will focus on the effects of war on children and the different ways they survived through it. It will compare the children of the Holocaust and the children of the war on terrorism. War has a great effect on children and can harm them socially, mentally, and physically. Survival of the fittest differs vastly between these children and the wars they are going through. Terrorist groups are all over and have been around for a long timeRead MoreChildren During the Holocaust1306 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the Holocaust, â€Å"the Nazis killed over 1.5 billion children† (Children during the Holocaust). Of these children, one million of them were Jewish. The Nazis had no good reason to kill them; they only killed these innocent children because Hitler did not care for their race. The Nazis, a forceful, merciless power led by Adolf Hitler brainwashed the country of Germany into believing that Jews and other races were awful. These children bravely fought persecution and avoided death by hidingRead MoreChildren Of The Holocaust Survivor Essay1384 Words   |  6 PagesAs children of the Holocaust survivor, Jacob in Fugitive Pieces by Anne Michael s novel haunted from his past from his memories of his parents and his beloved sister Bella. Growing up with Athos care, Jacob struggles to adapt to a new environment as a child with his memories of his parents still preserve into his mind and battling to make what might have happened to his sister Bella. As Jacob ponders on his past, his memories become stronger and save him that will eventually free him from pain and

Gothic Literature and Romantic Literature - 2607 Words

Novels, written in various styles, maintain their value because each one presents the reader with a new thought to consider. Sometimes however, rather than expanding on an entirely new style to â€Å"suggest a thought† authors borrow characteristics from other novels to express themselves. These borrowed traits are then molded into a new shape. Authors from the Romanticism era did just that. They borrowed traits from Gothic literature to express their thoughts. Although the novels are unique and valued for their distinctiveness, the borrowed traits remain a parallel between the two genres. Traits such as deterioration of characters, love combating sin, return to animalistic priorities, and alienation of human emotion are all depicted in†¦show more content†¦As his soul â€Å"undergoes†¦psychic disorder† (Monsman), his fascination with the grotesqueness of his picture also grows. Watching his picture Gray â€Å"would sit†¦filled†¦with that prideà ¢â‚¬ ¦that is half the fascination of sin†¦smiling with secret pleasure as the misshapen shadow†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wilde 133). Gray becomes interested in seeing his sin come alive on canvas. This in itself represents a man who is unstable mentally, as he derives pleasure from his own image’s ruin. Eventually Dorian’s downward spiral of mental ruin leads to his death. In Romantic literature characters also fall into their own personally created ruin. Miss. Havisham is one example of a character that causes her own destruction. Miss. Havisham stops her life at the precise moment when she was left at the altar (Dickens 179-180), and lets her surroundings fall into ruin to symbolize the deterioration of her body and soul. Miss. Havisham depreciates mentally with personal guilt when she sees the heartless person that her daughter has become. Miss. Havisham becomes no more than â€Å"waxwork and skeleton [with] dark eyes that move† (Dickens 56). Miss. Havisham eventually kills herself as a result of her realization that her actions created a scenario that was the same as hers in Pip. With guilt she ends her life, and ends her spiral into ruin. Characters from Romantic literature exhibit similar characteristics to their Gothic literature counterparts, showcasing the influence that GothicShow MoreRelatedRomantic and Gothic Literature1659 Words   |  7 PagesRomantic and Gothic Literature The gothic literary movement is a part of the larger Romantic Movement. Gothic literature shares many of the traits of romanticism, such as the emphasis on emotions and the imagination. Gothic literature goes beyond the melancholy evident in most romantic works, however, and enters into the areas of horror and decay, becoming preoccupied with death. â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† by Edgar Allan Poe is a powerful example of gothic fiction, whereas James Fenimore Cooper’sRead MorePoetry Is Not Just The Vision Of The Writer1036 Words   |  5 Pages poetry can grip the heart—the mind can be an awfully dark place. Within gothic poetry the horror and fears of the poet lie just beyond the words of the poem itself. The words are emotional viscera given form. Poetry is aesthetic and inspiring and its brevity extends it to forms beyond itself. The works of romantic poets have been recycled and reimagined as a result of our continued love affair with the ideas of the gothic and supernatural. The works of various authors, directors, artists, and musiciansRead MoreEssay about Mary Shelleys Frankenstein784 Words   |  4 Pagesclassic gothic novel. Her monster has frightened many generations throughout the ages, and lingers as a warning of science gone too far. But why did her monster survive the ages? I believe that Mary Shelleys monster managed to hold our attention and chill us to the bone, because she weaved a tale that incorporated the genres of gothic, and romantic literature into a narrative of complete terror, and psychological torment that managed to surpass any other gothic literature of her time. Gothic LiteratureRead MoreDark Romanticism1392 Words   |  6 PagesDark Side of Romanticism Romantic literary texts focus on the expression of emotion. Authors during the Romantic period developed and integrated the idea of the individual being the main focus in life. Romantic authors focused on the individual being at the center of their own happiness and destiny and evil dwelling outside mankind. Dark Romantics believed that evil is not only found in nature and in other people but evil also dwells inside every human being. Dark Romantics argued that earlier writersRead MoreThe Romantic Period Stressed Instincts, Affection, and Love1422 Words   |  6 PagesThe Romantic period or Romanticism was a literary movement that had sprung in England in late 18th century. The rise of the movement was precipitated by the issuing of Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge .The movement came to cope up with the general tenors of the Industrial and Enlightenment age .It stressed on things like instincts, affection , love,the heart over the head .It came als o to celebrate such things as mysticism and the natural world.Romanticism alsoRead MoreCritical Analysis of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein974 Words   |  4 PagesThe essay discussed in this document is Said I. Abdelwaheds The Gothic, Frankenstein and the Romanics, which was published in 1997 in An-Najaj N. J. Res. The author is the assistant professor of English literature at Gazas Al-Azhar University. These credentials are fairly impressive considering the international reputation of the university the author was working at during the time of publication. Additionally, the authors status as an assistant professor helps to imbue this work with a degreeRead MoreThe Romantic Era Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1502 Words   |  7 Pages Near the end of the 18th century through the first decades of the 19th century, the romantic ear took over the styles of novels. This was a time of disagreement and confusion over principles and aesthetics; there were many philosophies, agendas, and poi nts of interest that competed in all types of literature. Frankenstein, written by Mary Shelley, is a work from the Romantic Era, and you can see some characteristics of this era in her novel. Romanticism was an era where the individual becameRead MoreGothic Literature : A Dark Atmosphere967 Words   |  4 PagesSchroder English IV Honors 8 December 2016 Gothic Literature Gothic literature has been popular since the 19th century and has given readers the opportunity to look at romantic movement that focuses on a darker horror like imagination. Some of these involve a combination of extreme landscapes, icy wastes, and extreme weather, horrifying events or the threat of such happenings, as well as supernatural manifestations, and presenting evil. Gothic literature gives us a way of looking more depth intoRead MoreDark Romanticism By Edgar Allen Poe1625 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the biggest literary of all times was known as dark romanticism. This kind of literature comes from the darkness inside of a person. Many people who like this style are know to be obsessed with gothic nature. Dark Romanticism is also know to come from darkness in the human soul, original sin, and a dark outlook on society. Dark Romanticism is the complete opposite of romanticism. According to what is dark romanticism â€Å" Dark Romanticism is. A sort of genre threat combines traditional love objectsRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On The Novel Frankenstein 764 Words   |  4 Pagesthat the creature went through and how it had affected him later on. Carlson, Katherine L. Childhood and Romantic Literature. Encyclopedia of Literary Romanticism. Infobase Publishing: New York, 2010. Bloom s Literary Reference Online [Facts On File News Services]. Web. 8 May 2015. This source is an overview of Romantic novels that involve childhood in them. One example of the Romantic stories with childhood is Frankenstein. It observes that the creature is like a child of Doctor Frankenstein

Electronic Payment System Free Essays

UNIT – 3 Electronic Payment System Contents †¢ What is E-payment? †¢ Types of E-payment Systems †¢ Digital Token-based Electronic Payment Systems †¢ Smart Cards Electronic Payment Systems †¢ Credit Card-based Electronic Payment Systems †¢ Risk Electronic Payment Systems †¢ Designing Electronic Payment System What is E-payment ? †¢ E-payment systems is the mechanism of transferring money over the Internet and technology used in this transfer is called as EFT. EFT defined as â€Å" any transfer of fund initiated through an e-terminal, telephonic instrument, or computer or magnetic tape to order, instruct or authorize a financial institution to debit or credit an account. It is mostly used for Business to business (B2B) commerce where companies doing business together tend to use electronic data interchange (EDI) system to send each other bills and notices of payment. We will write a custom essay sample on Electronic Payment System or any similar topic only for you Order Now E-Payment †¢ Information online offline $ Products/services Advantages of E-Payment †¢ †¢ †¢ Increase payment efficiency – Reduce transaction costs – Enable trade in goods and services of very low value Increase convenience of making payments – Payment can be made swiftly and remotely using various devices Can be used for – e-commerce / e-Trade – For other purposes like paying bills, taxes, etc MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 1 Categories of EFT Banking and financial payments * Large-scale or wholesale payment * Small scale or retail payment * Home banking Retailing payments * Credit cards * Debit cards On-line electronic commerce payments * Token-based payment system ~ Electronic cash ~ Electronic checks ~ Smart cards or debit cards * Credit card-based payment systems ~ Encrypted credit cards ~ Third-party authorization numbers Main factors when selecting e-payment method †¢ Availability (bank system, laws and regulations) †¢ The consideration of size and type of business, type of a target group of consumers, types of products and services. The ability to provide security against fraudulent activity †¢ Being cost effective for low value transaction fees †¢ Being protective of the privacy of the users †¢ Easy to use, and being convenient for purchasing on the web based e-business Token-based E-Payment Systems Electronic tokens are the new financial instruments which are in the form of electronic cash/money or checks. Electronic tokens are same as cash that is backed by bank. They are of three types: 1. Cash or real-time ( e-cash) 2. Debit or Prepaid (smart cards, e-purses) 3. Credit or Postpaid (credit/debit cards, e-checks) E-cash Electronic cash is a consumer-oriented electronic payment. Though it replaces the cash but still cash is quite dominant form of payment for three reasons: 1. Lack of trust in banking system 2. Inefficient clearing and settlement of non-cash transaction 3. Negative real interest rates paid on bank deposit Advantages of cash over credit cards †¢ It is negotiable †¢ Cash is a legal tender †¢ Cash is a bearer instrument †¢ It need require bank account to operate †¢ No risk on the part of acceptor that the medium of exchange may not be good MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 2 Properties of e-cash E-cash must have following four properties: Monetary values: Interoperability Retrievability Security E-cash in Action †¢ E-cash based on cryptographic systems called â€Å"digital signature† †¢ †¢ †¢ This method involves pair of two numeric keys (very large number or integer) that work in tandem (cycle): one for encoding and another for decoding. Message encoded with one numeric key can only be decoded with other numeric key and none other. The encoding key is kept private while the decoding key is made public. E-checks †¢ E-checks are another form of electronic tokens. †¢ †¢ A new electronic version of paper check. E-check is an instruction to a financial institution to pay a given amount of money to the payee. It is a specially formatted email message sent over the Internet. It contains as the same information as on paper based check. Check service providers PayByCheck (http://www. paybycheck. com) CyberSource (http:// cybersource. com) Transaction Payment Sequence in E-check system Payer Transfer e-check Payee Deposit e-check Forward e-check for payer authentication Bank Accounting Server MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 3 Transaction Payment Sequence in E-check system †¢ Buyer must register with third party account server using electronic check. †¢ On receiving the check, the seller presents it to accounting server for verification and payment. †¢ The accounting system verifies the digital signature on the check. †¢ Properly signed and endorsed checks can be electronically exchanged between financial institutions through electronic clearing house. Advantages of E-Check †¢ They work in the same way as traditional checks. †¢ E-checks are suited for micro payments. Eliminate the need for expensive process reengineering and taking advantage of the banking industry. †¢ Financial risk is assumed by accounting server. †¢ E-checks create a float through third-party accounting server. They make money out of buyers and sellers transaction by providing deposit account. Difference b/w EFT and E-check †¢ In E-Cheque, electronic versions of the cheque are issued, received processed. So, payee issues an E-Cheque for each payment. †¢ In EFT transfer automatic withdrawals are made for monthly bills or other fixed payments; no cheques are issued. Smart cards †¢ A smart card is a plastic card with an embedded microchip containing information about you. †¢ A smart card can store about 100 times the amount of information that a magnetic strip plastic card can store. †¢ A smart card contains private user information, such as financial facts, private encryption keys, account information, credit card numbers, health insurance information, etc. †¢ So far not successful in U. S. , but popular in Europe, Germany, Singapore and Japan to pay for public phone call, transportation. Mondex Smart Card †¢ Holds and dispenses electronic cash (Smart-card based, stored-value card) †¢ Developed by MasterCard International †¢ Requires specific card reader, called Mondex terminal, for merchant or customer to use card over Internet †¢ Supports micropayments and works both online and off-line at stores or over the telephone †¢ Secret chip-to-chip transfer protocol †¢ Loaded through ATM – ATM does not know transfer protocol; connects with secure device at bank MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore Mondex Smart Card Processing Mondex Smart Card †¢ Disadvantages – Card carries real cash in electronic form, creating the possibility of theft – No deferred (overdue) payment as with credit cards – cash is dispensed immediately Types of Smart cards Smart cards are basically of two types: 1. Relationship-based Smart Cards 2. Electronic Purses and Debit Cards Rela tionship-based Smart Cards It is the enhancement of existing card services that offer customers far better options like: 1. Access to multiple accounts (debit, credit, e-cash) on one card. 2. Offer various functions ( cash access, bill payment, balance inquiry, fund transfer) 3. Multiple access options at multiple location using multiple access device (ATM, PC, PDA or screenphone etc) Electronic Purses and Debit Cards Electronic Purses or E- wallet are the smart cards embedded with programmable microchip that store sum of money instead of cash. Once a purse is loaded with money it require card reader vending machine which verifies its authenticity . Then after amount is deducted from balance. It shows the remaining balance on the card hence eliminate the small bill in busy stores. E-wallets when depleted can be recharged with money . MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 5 Credit cards-based e-payment system Credit Cards †¢ A credit card is a small plastic card issued to users dealing in e-commerce. Most credit cards are the same shape and size, as specified by the ISO 7810 standard. †¢ A credit card is different to a debit card in that it does not remove money from the user’s account after every transaction. In the case of credit cards, the issuer lends money to the consumer (or the user) to be paid to the merchant. Credit cards-based e-payment system Customers who purchase any goods send their credit card details to the service provider involved and the credit card organization will handle this payment. Online credit card payment has following categories: 1. Payment using plain credit card details 2. Payments using encrypted credit card details 3. Payment using third-party verification Entities involved in Credit card Transaction Consumer (Buyer or Card holder) Merchant (Seller) Card Issuer (Consumers’ Bank) Acquirer or Principal (Merchant’s Bank) Card Association (Visa, Master Card etc) Third party processor How an Online Credit Transaction Works Encryption and Credit cards Encryption process starts when credit card information is entered into a browser and sent securely over network between buyer to seller. Encryption process includes following steps: 1. Customer presents his credit card information securely to merchant. 2. Merchant validates the authenticity of card holder 3. Merchant relays this information to its bank or on-line card processor. MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 6 4. The bank relays the information to customer’s bank for authorization approval 5. The customer’s bank returns the credit card , charge authentication and authorization to the merchant Processing Payment with Encrypted Third-party authorization and Credit cards In third party processing, consumer register with third party on the internet to verify emicrotransaction. The companies providing third party payment service on internet are: ( First Virtual) †¢ http://www. fv. com †¢ http://www. openmarket. com †¢ http://www. 2checkout. com/ †¢ http://www. paypal. com/ Payment can be made by credit card via clearing house. Online Third-Party Processor (OTPPs) has following steps for buying information online. 1. Consumer registers for an OTPP a/c that is backed by credit card. 2. To purchase customer request merchant by her OTPP account no. 3. Merchant then contact the OTPP payment server with customer’s account no. 4. OTPP payment server verifies the customer’s account no. for vender (merchant) checks for sufficient funds. 5. OTPP server send a message to buyer that can be responded back by buyer as ; yes/agree; No/disagree; fraud. 6. If OTPP gets ‘Yes’ from customer, merchant is informed then customer is allowed to download material. MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 7 Online Payment Processing using a Third-party Processor Risk in using Credit cards †¢ Customer uses a stolen card or account number to fraudulently purchase goods or service online. †¢ Many people who will be on the Internet have not even had their first Web experience. †¢ Hackers find the ways into an e-commerce merchant’s payment processing system and then issue credits to hacker card account numbers. Many users are also likely to be younger and have less access to credit and debit cards †¢ Many purchases they make will be micropayments. †¢ Credit cards cannot be used for large sums of B2B transactions †¢ Customer falsely claims that he or she did not receive a shipment Limitations of Online Credit Card Payment Systems †¢ Security – neither merchant nor consumer can be fully authenticated. †¢ Cost – for merchants, around 3. 5% of purchase price plus transaction fee of 2030 cents per transaction. †¢ People living in rural areas don’t have same access to computers and Internet that others do. Social equity – many people do not have access to credit cards (young and old age), disabled, individuals who are not computer savvy and individuals who cannot afford cards ( poor credit risk). Designing Electronic Payment Systems Following criteria should be satisfied while designing any new E-payment System: 1. Privacy 6. Pricing 2. Security 7. Standards 3. Intuitive Interface 4. Database Integration 5. Brokers MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 8 How to cite Electronic Payment System, Papers Electronic Payment System Free Essays UNIT – 3 Electronic Payment System Contents †¢ What is E-payment? †¢ Types of E-payment Systems †¢ Digital Token-based Electronic Payment Systems †¢ Smart Cards Electronic Payment Systems †¢ Credit Card-based Electronic Payment Systems †¢ Risk Electronic Payment Systems †¢ Designing Electronic Payment System What is E-payment ? †¢ E-payment systems is the mechanism of transferring money over the Internet and technology used in this transfer is called as EFT. EFT defined as â€Å" any transfer of fund initiated through an e-terminal, telephonic instrument, or computer or magnetic tape to order, instruct or authorize a financial institution to debit or credit an account. It is mostly used for Business to business (B2B) commerce where companies doing business together tend to use electronic data interchange (EDI) system to send each other bills and notices of payment. We will write a custom essay sample on Electronic Payment System or any similar topic only for you Order Now E-Payment †¢ Information online offline $ Products/services Advantages of E-Payment †¢ †¢ †¢ Increase payment efficiency – Reduce transaction costs – Enable trade in goods and services of very low value Increase convenience of making payments – Payment can be made swiftly and remotely using various devices Can be used for – e-commerce / e-Trade – For other purposes like paying bills, taxes, etc MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 1 Categories of EFT Banking and financial payments * Large-scale or wholesale payment * Small scale or retail payment * Home banking Retailing payments * Credit cards * Debit cards On-line electronic commerce payments * Token-based payment system ~ Electronic cash ~ Electronic checks ~ Smart cards or debit cards * Credit card-based payment systems ~ Encrypted credit cards ~ Third-party authorization numbers Main factors when selecting e-payment method †¢ Availability (bank system, laws and regulations) †¢ The consideration of size and type of business, type of a target group of consumers, types of products and services. The ability to provide security against fraudulent activity †¢ Being cost effective for low value transaction fees †¢ Being protective of the privacy of the users †¢ Easy to use, and being convenient for purchasing on the web based e-business Token-based E-Payment Systems Electronic tokens are the new financial instruments which are in the form of electronic cash/money or checks. Electronic tokens are same as cash that is backed by bank. They are of three types: 1. Cash or real-time ( e-cash) 2. Debit or Prepaid (smart cards, e-purses) 3. Credit or Postpaid (credit/debit cards, e-checks) E-cash Electronic cash is a consumer-oriented electronic payment. Though it replaces the cash but still cash is quite dominant form of payment for three reasons: 1. Lack of trust in banking system 2. Inefficient clearing and settlement of non-cash transaction 3. Negative real interest rates paid on bank deposit Advantages of cash over credit cards †¢ It is negotiable †¢ Cash is a legal tender †¢ Cash is a bearer instrument †¢ It need require bank account to operate †¢ No risk on the part of acceptor that the medium of exchange may not be good MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 2 Properties of e-cash E-cash must have following four properties: Monetary values: Interoperability Retrievability Security E-cash in Action †¢ E-cash based on cryptographic systems called â€Å"digital signature† †¢ †¢ †¢ This method involves pair of two numeric keys (very large number or integer) that work in tandem (cycle): one for encoding and another for decoding. Message encoded with one numeric key can only be decoded with other numeric key and none other. The encoding key is kept private while the decoding key is made public. E-checks †¢ E-checks are another form of electronic tokens. †¢ †¢ A new electronic version of paper check. E-check is an instruction to a financial institution to pay a given amount of money to the payee. It is a specially formatted email message sent over the Internet. It contains as the same information as on paper based check. Check service providers PayByCheck (http://www. paybycheck. com) CyberSource (http:// cybersource. com) Transaction Payment Sequence in E-check system Payer Transfer e-check Payee Deposit e-check Forward e-check for payer authentication Bank Accounting Server MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 3 Transaction Payment Sequence in E-check system †¢ Buyer must register with third party account server using electronic check. †¢ On receiving the check, the seller presents it to accounting server for verification and payment. †¢ The accounting system verifies the digital signature on the check. †¢ Properly signed and endorsed checks can be electronically exchanged between financial institutions through electronic clearing house. Advantages of E-Check †¢ They work in the same way as traditional checks. †¢ E-checks are suited for micro payments. Eliminate the need for expensive process reengineering and taking advantage of the banking industry. †¢ Financial risk is assumed by accounting server. †¢ E-checks create a float through third-party accounting server. They make money out of buyers and sellers transaction by providing deposit account. Difference b/w EFT and E-check †¢ In E-Cheque, electronic versions of the cheque are issued, received processed. So, payee issues an E-Cheque for each payment. †¢ In EFT transfer automatic withdrawals are made for monthly bills or other fixed payments; no cheques are issued. Smart cards †¢ A smart card is a plastic card with an embedded microchip containing information about you. †¢ A smart card can store about 100 times the amount of information that a magnetic strip plastic card can store. †¢ A smart card contains private user information, such as financial facts, private encryption keys, account information, credit card numbers, health insurance information, etc. †¢ So far not successful in U. S. , but popular in Europe, Germany, Singapore and Japan to pay for public phone call, transportation. Mondex Smart Card †¢ Holds and dispenses electronic cash (Smart-card based, stored-value card) †¢ Developed by MasterCard International †¢ Requires specific card reader, called Mondex terminal, for merchant or customer to use card over Internet †¢ Supports micropayments and works both online and off-line at stores or over the telephone †¢ Secret chip-to-chip transfer protocol †¢ Loaded through ATM – ATM does not know transfer protocol; connects with secure device at bank MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore Mondex Smart Card Processing Mondex Smart Card †¢ Disadvantages – Card carries real cash in electronic form, creating the possibility of theft – No deferred (overdue) payment as with credit cards – cash is dispensed immediately Types of Smart cards Smart cards are basically of two types: 1. Relationship-based Smart Cards 2. Electronic Purses and Debit Cards Rela tionship-based Smart Cards It is the enhancement of existing card services that offer customers far better options like: 1. Access to multiple accounts (debit, credit, e-cash) on one card. 2. Offer various functions ( cash access, bill payment, balance inquiry, fund transfer) 3. Multiple access options at multiple location using multiple access device (ATM, PC, PDA or screenphone etc) Electronic Purses and Debit Cards Electronic Purses or E- wallet are the smart cards embedded with programmable microchip that store sum of money instead of cash. Once a purse is loaded with money it require card reader vending machine which verifies its authenticity . Then after amount is deducted from balance. It shows the remaining balance on the card hence eliminate the small bill in busy stores. E-wallets when depleted can be recharged with money . MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 5 Credit cards-based e-payment system Credit Cards †¢ A credit card is a small plastic card issued to users dealing in e-commerce. Most credit cards are the same shape and size, as specified by the ISO 7810 standard. †¢ A credit card is different to a debit card in that it does not remove money from the user’s account after every transaction. In the case of credit cards, the issuer lends money to the consumer (or the user) to be paid to the merchant. Credit cards-based e-payment system Customers who purchase any goods send their credit card details to the service provider involved and the credit card organization will handle this payment. Online credit card payment has following categories: 1. Payment using plain credit card details 2. Payments using encrypted credit card details 3. Payment using third-party verification Entities involved in Credit card Transaction Consumer (Buyer or Card holder) Merchant (Seller) Card Issuer (Consumers’ Bank) Acquirer or Principal (Merchant’s Bank) Card Association (Visa, Master Card etc) Third party processor How an Online Credit Transaction Works Encryption and Credit cards Encryption process starts when credit card information is entered into a browser and sent securely over network between buyer to seller. Encryption process includes following steps: 1. Customer presents his credit card information securely to merchant. 2. Merchant validates the authenticity of card holder 3. Merchant relays this information to its bank or on-line card processor. MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 6 4. The bank relays the information to customer’s bank for authorization approval 5. The customer’s bank returns the credit card , charge authentication and authorization to the merchant Processing Payment with Encrypted Third-party authorization and Credit cards In third party processing, consumer register with third party on the internet to verify emicrotransaction. The companies providing third party payment service on internet are: ( First Virtual) †¢ http://www. fv. com †¢ http://www. openmarket. com †¢ http://www. 2checkout. com/ †¢ http://www. paypal. com/ Payment can be made by credit card via clearing house. Online Third-Party Processor (OTPPs) has following steps for buying information online. 1. Consumer registers for an OTPP a/c that is backed by credit card. 2. To purchase customer request merchant by her OTPP account no. 3. Merchant then contact the OTPP payment server with customer’s account no. 4. OTPP payment server verifies the customer’s account no. for vender (merchant) checks for sufficient funds. 5. OTPP server send a message to buyer that can be responded back by buyer as ; yes/agree; No/disagree; fraud. 6. If OTPP gets ‘Yes’ from customer, merchant is informed then customer is allowed to download material. MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 7 Online Payment Processing using a Third-party Processor Risk in using Credit cards †¢ Customer uses a stolen card or account number to fraudulently purchase goods or service online. †¢ Many people who will be on the Internet have not even had their first Web experience. †¢ Hackers find the ways into an e-commerce merchant’s payment processing system and then issue credits to hacker card account numbers. Many users are also likely to be younger and have less access to credit and debit cards †¢ Many purchases they make will be micropayments. †¢ Credit cards cannot be used for large sums of B2B transactions †¢ Customer falsely claims that he or she did not receive a shipment Limitations of Online Credit Card Payment Systems †¢ Security – neither merchant nor consumer can be fully authenticated. †¢ Cost – for merchants, around 3. 5% of purchase price plus transaction fee of 2030 cents per transaction. †¢ People living in rural areas don’t have same access to computers and Internet that others do. Social equity – many people do not have access to credit cards (young and old age), disabled, individuals who are not computer savvy and individuals who cannot afford cards ( poor credit risk). Designing Electronic Payment Systems Following criteria should be satisfied while designing any new E-payment System: 1. Privacy 6. Pricing 2. Security 7. Standards 3. Intuitive Interface 4. Database Integration 5. Brokers MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 8 How to cite Electronic Payment System, Essay examples