Essay on Holocaust Children - 2974 Words

Children of the Holocaust Advanced Composition/ ENGL 135 June 20, 2011 Alena Synjova once stated, â€Å" I’d like to go away alone where there are other, nicer people, somewhere into the far unknown, there, where no one kills another. Maybe more of us, a thousand strong, will reach this goal before too long† (Volavkovà ¡, 1994, p. 50). During the Holocaust, people craved opportunity to escape to a place where there were polite people and no one killed each other. The Holocaust affected everyone, ranging from the elderly to the young children, who were faced with horrific situations. They witnessed the death of the people around them and were forced to live under unmentionable conditions. The holocaust altered non-Jewish and Jewish†¦show more content†¦46). For this reason, the mentally retarted, physically handicapped, or mentally ill were targets, having been killed in gas chambers. Handicapped infants and small children were killed by an injection with a deadly dose of drugs or by starvation. The bodies were burned in cremato ries leading to more than 200,000 handicapped people murdered between 1940 and 1945 (Bachrach, 1994, p. 32). â€Å"The Jews were transported, either by trains or trucks to six camps; Poland, Chelmno, Treblinka, Sobibor, Belzec, Auschwitz-Birkenau, and Majdanek-Lublin. These camps were called extermination camps. The trips on the train took a few hours and sometimes it took days. The people were crammed into boxcars until there was no room for anyone to move. Freight cars had no seats, no bathroom facilities, and only slatted openings as windows, so inside it was dark, and the air reeked with the smell of bodies and human waste† (Bachrach, 1994, p. 48). Mendy Berger, a Holocaust survivor remembered the train ride and stated, â€Å"One hundred people standing in a locked railroad car, no food, no water, people dying, the smell of the dead, and we had no toilets. We did it right where we were standing, and we couldn’t move away from it† (Adler 1989, p. 67). Arthur Rubin, another Holocaust survivor recounts â€Å"children were crying for water, and mothers’ hearts were torn because they were unable to help them†¦..The train stopped at various stations. There were women standing near the railroad tracks withShow MoreRelatedChildren Of The Holocaust : Children1328 Words   |  6 PagesChildren of the Holocaust As the 1930’s came along, The Nazi’s set out a series of laws and regulations called ‘Nazi Laws’. One of the very first laws was ,†Laws against Overcrowding in German schools and universities†. This was a result of many children were looked down upon by Hitler and his Nazis as ‘racially inferior’. Letters from German Children to the editor of the Nazi tabloid Der Sturmer reveal a shameful potpourri Lettof and fanaticism against their Jewish classmates. The first punishmentRead More Children of the Holocaust Essay983 Words   |  4 Pagesdeliberate intention to kill children in numbers so great that there is no historical precedent for it.† (Lukas, 13 Kindle) About 1.5 million children were murdered by the Nazis during the Holocaust—one million being killed because they were Jews (ushmm.org) The Germans had a clearly defined goal of killing the Jewish children so that there would be no remnants of their race to reprodu ce, resulting in extinction. Not only were the children that were victimized in the Holocaust persecuted and murderedRead More Children of the Holocaust Essay1634 Words   |  7 PagesOver one million Jewish children died during the Holocaust. They were ripped out of their homes and taken away from their families, and stripped of their childhoods. Innocent lives were caught in a war that they were not able to stop. When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, he promised Germany that he would improve life their by getting rid of the one race that caused the problems, the Jews. Jews, including Jewish children, were sent to concentration camps, inspected, and if approved, were sentRead MoreThe Hidden Children Of The Holocaust1642 Words   |  7 PagesThe Holocaust is a very large topic with many subtopics within, which many people have never heard of. One in particular is the Hidden Children of the Holocaust. Like a majority of individuals, I never heard of this topic before, until I st arted my inquiry work. Hiding children during the holocaust was an effort to save thousands of children’s lives. The children were hidden in different ways, either with false identities, underground, and with or without their parents. The children with false identitiesRead MoreIs The Holocaust Over The Children Of The World?1078 Words   |  5 PagesIs the Holocaust over for the children of the world? The Holocaust was a dark time in human history during the reign of Hitler. Millions of Jews were killed by the Nazis. However, some people were still lucky enough to survive. One of these survivors, Leon Leyson, experienced the horrors of pure evil as a child. He lived to share his story, and today in America there are many programs and organizations dedicated to protecting children, but in other parts of the world children continue to experienceRead MoreThe Vulnerability of Children in the Era of the Holocaust942 Words   |  4 PagesChildren were especially vulnerable in the era of the Holocaust. The Nazis advocated killing children of â€Å"unwanted† or â€Å"dangerous† groups in accordance with their ideological views, either as part of the â€Å"racial struggle† or as a measure of preventative security. The Germans and their collaborators killed children both for these ideological reasons and in retaliation for real or alleged partisan attacks. The Germans and their collaborators killed as many as 1.5 million children, including over aRead MoreEssay on Jewish Children during the Holocaust1077 Words   |  5 Pagesit treats its children (Nelson Mandela). If this statement is considered true, then its fair to say that during times of the Holocaust, the German society was at an all time low. Children during the Holocaust did not have a carefree childhood, like they should have, but instead were placed under strenuous conditions. They had to go through being separated from all family and friends, being chosen the first to go to, and in most cases a permanent loss of family members. The Holocaust was undoubtedlyRead MoreEffects of War on Children: Comparing Experiences of Children During the Holocaust and Children Affected by the War on Terrorism1746 Words   |  7 Pageswith all wars that occurred in the past and present. This synopsis will focus on the effects of war on children and the different ways they survived through it. It will compare the children of the Holocaust and the children of the war on terrorism. War has a great effect on children and can harm them socially, mentally, and physically. Survival of the fittest differs vastly between these children and the wars they are going through. Terrorist groups are all over and have been around for a long timeRead MoreChildren During the Holocaust1306 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the Holocaust, â€Å"the Nazis killed over 1.5 billion children† (Children during the Holocaust). Of these children, one million of them were Jewish. The Nazis had no good reason to kill them; they only killed these innocent children because Hitler did not care for their race. The Nazis, a forceful, merciless power led by Adolf Hitler brainwashed the country of Germany into believing that Jews and other races were awful. These children bravely fought persecution and avoided death by hidingRead MoreChildren Of The Holocaust Survivor Essay1384 Words   |  6 PagesAs children of the Holocaust survivor, Jacob in Fugitive Pieces by Anne Michael s novel haunted from his past from his memories of his parents and his beloved sister Bella. Growing up with Athos care, Jacob struggles to adapt to a new environment as a child with his memories of his parents still preserve into his mind and battling to make what might have happened to his sister Bella. As Jacob ponders on his past, his memories become stronger and save him that will eventually free him from pain and

Gothic Literature and Romantic Literature - 2607 Words

Novels, written in various styles, maintain their value because each one presents the reader with a new thought to consider. Sometimes however, rather than expanding on an entirely new style to â€Å"suggest a thought† authors borrow characteristics from other novels to express themselves. These borrowed traits are then molded into a new shape. Authors from the Romanticism era did just that. They borrowed traits from Gothic literature to express their thoughts. Although the novels are unique and valued for their distinctiveness, the borrowed traits remain a parallel between the two genres. Traits such as deterioration of characters, love combating sin, return to animalistic priorities, and alienation of human emotion are all depicted in†¦show more content†¦As his soul â€Å"undergoes†¦psychic disorder† (Monsman), his fascination with the grotesqueness of his picture also grows. Watching his picture Gray â€Å"would sit†¦filled†¦with that prideà ¢â‚¬ ¦that is half the fascination of sin†¦smiling with secret pleasure as the misshapen shadow†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wilde 133). Gray becomes interested in seeing his sin come alive on canvas. This in itself represents a man who is unstable mentally, as he derives pleasure from his own image’s ruin. Eventually Dorian’s downward spiral of mental ruin leads to his death. In Romantic literature characters also fall into their own personally created ruin. Miss. Havisham is one example of a character that causes her own destruction. Miss. Havisham stops her life at the precise moment when she was left at the altar (Dickens 179-180), and lets her surroundings fall into ruin to symbolize the deterioration of her body and soul. Miss. Havisham depreciates mentally with personal guilt when she sees the heartless person that her daughter has become. Miss. Havisham becomes no more than â€Å"waxwork and skeleton [with] dark eyes that move† (Dickens 56). Miss. Havisham eventually kills herself as a result of her realization that her actions created a scenario that was the same as hers in Pip. With guilt she ends her life, and ends her spiral into ruin. Characters from Romantic literature exhibit similar characteristics to their Gothic literature counterparts, showcasing the influence that GothicShow MoreRelatedRomantic and Gothic Literature1659 Words   |  7 PagesRomantic and Gothic Literature The gothic literary movement is a part of the larger Romantic Movement. Gothic literature shares many of the traits of romanticism, such as the emphasis on emotions and the imagination. Gothic literature goes beyond the melancholy evident in most romantic works, however, and enters into the areas of horror and decay, becoming preoccupied with death. â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† by Edgar Allan Poe is a powerful example of gothic fiction, whereas James Fenimore Cooper’sRead MorePoetry Is Not Just The Vision Of The Writer1036 Words   |  5 Pages poetry can grip the heart—the mind can be an awfully dark place. Within gothic poetry the horror and fears of the poet lie just beyond the words of the poem itself. The words are emotional viscera given form. Poetry is aesthetic and inspiring and its brevity extends it to forms beyond itself. The works of romantic poets have been recycled and reimagined as a result of our continued love affair with the ideas of the gothic and supernatural. The works of various authors, directors, artists, and musiciansRead MoreEssay about Mary Shelleys Frankenstein784 Words   |  4 Pagesclassic gothic novel. Her monster has frightened many generations throughout the ages, and lingers as a warning of science gone too far. But why did her monster survive the ages? I believe that Mary Shelleys monster managed to hold our attention and chill us to the bone, because she weaved a tale that incorporated the genres of gothic, and romantic literature into a narrative of complete terror, and psychological torment that managed to surpass any other gothic literature of her time. Gothic LiteratureRead MoreDark Romanticism1392 Words   |  6 PagesDark Side of Romanticism Romantic literary texts focus on the expression of emotion. Authors during the Romantic period developed and integrated the idea of the individual being the main focus in life. Romantic authors focused on the individual being at the center of their own happiness and destiny and evil dwelling outside mankind. Dark Romantics believed that evil is not only found in nature and in other people but evil also dwells inside every human being. Dark Romantics argued that earlier writersRead MoreThe Romantic Period Stressed Instincts, Affection, and Love1422 Words   |  6 PagesThe Romantic period or Romanticism was a literary movement that had sprung in England in late 18th century. The rise of the movement was precipitated by the issuing of Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge .The movement came to cope up with the general tenors of the Industrial and Enlightenment age .It stressed on things like instincts, affection , love,the heart over the head .It came als o to celebrate such things as mysticism and the natural world.Romanticism alsoRead MoreCritical Analysis of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein974 Words   |  4 PagesThe essay discussed in this document is Said I. Abdelwaheds The Gothic, Frankenstein and the Romanics, which was published in 1997 in An-Najaj N. J. Res. The author is the assistant professor of English literature at Gazas Al-Azhar University. These credentials are fairly impressive considering the international reputation of the university the author was working at during the time of publication. Additionally, the authors status as an assistant professor helps to imbue this work with a degreeRead MoreThe Romantic Era Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1502 Words   |  7 Pages Near the end of the 18th century through the first decades of the 19th century, the romantic ear took over the styles of novels. This was a time of disagreement and confusion over principles and aesthetics; there were many philosophies, agendas, and poi nts of interest that competed in all types of literature. Frankenstein, written by Mary Shelley, is a work from the Romantic Era, and you can see some characteristics of this era in her novel. Romanticism was an era where the individual becameRead MoreGothic Literature : A Dark Atmosphere967 Words   |  4 PagesSchroder English IV Honors 8 December 2016 Gothic Literature Gothic literature has been popular since the 19th century and has given readers the opportunity to look at romantic movement that focuses on a darker horror like imagination. Some of these involve a combination of extreme landscapes, icy wastes, and extreme weather, horrifying events or the threat of such happenings, as well as supernatural manifestations, and presenting evil. Gothic literature gives us a way of looking more depth intoRead MoreDark Romanticism By Edgar Allen Poe1625 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the biggest literary of all times was known as dark romanticism. This kind of literature comes from the darkness inside of a person. Many people who like this style are know to be obsessed with gothic nature. Dark Romanticism is also know to come from darkness in the human soul, original sin, and a dark outlook on society. Dark Romanticism is the complete opposite of romanticism. According to what is dark romanticism â€Å" Dark Romanticism is. A sort of genre threat combines traditional love objectsRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On The Novel Frankenstein 764 Words   |  4 Pagesthat the creature went through and how it had affected him later on. Carlson, Katherine L. Childhood and Romantic Literature. Encyclopedia of Literary Romanticism. Infobase Publishing: New York, 2010. Bloom s Literary Reference Online [Facts On File News Services]. Web. 8 May 2015. This source is an overview of Romantic novels that involve childhood in them. One example of the Romantic stories with childhood is Frankenstein. It observes that the creature is like a child of Doctor Frankenstein

Electronic Payment System Free Essays

UNIT – 3 Electronic Payment System Contents †¢ What is E-payment? †¢ Types of E-payment Systems †¢ Digital Token-based Electronic Payment Systems †¢ Smart Cards Electronic Payment Systems †¢ Credit Card-based Electronic Payment Systems †¢ Risk Electronic Payment Systems †¢ Designing Electronic Payment System What is E-payment ? †¢ E-payment systems is the mechanism of transferring money over the Internet and technology used in this transfer is called as EFT. EFT defined as â€Å" any transfer of fund initiated through an e-terminal, telephonic instrument, or computer or magnetic tape to order, instruct or authorize a financial institution to debit or credit an account. It is mostly used for Business to business (B2B) commerce where companies doing business together tend to use electronic data interchange (EDI) system to send each other bills and notices of payment. We will write a custom essay sample on Electronic Payment System or any similar topic only for you Order Now E-Payment †¢ Information online offline $ Products/services Advantages of E-Payment †¢ †¢ †¢ Increase payment efficiency – Reduce transaction costs – Enable trade in goods and services of very low value Increase convenience of making payments – Payment can be made swiftly and remotely using various devices Can be used for – e-commerce / e-Trade – For other purposes like paying bills, taxes, etc MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 1 Categories of EFT Banking and financial payments * Large-scale or wholesale payment * Small scale or retail payment * Home banking Retailing payments * Credit cards * Debit cards On-line electronic commerce payments * Token-based payment system ~ Electronic cash ~ Electronic checks ~ Smart cards or debit cards * Credit card-based payment systems ~ Encrypted credit cards ~ Third-party authorization numbers Main factors when selecting e-payment method †¢ Availability (bank system, laws and regulations) †¢ The consideration of size and type of business, type of a target group of consumers, types of products and services. The ability to provide security against fraudulent activity †¢ Being cost effective for low value transaction fees †¢ Being protective of the privacy of the users †¢ Easy to use, and being convenient for purchasing on the web based e-business Token-based E-Payment Systems Electronic tokens are the new financial instruments which are in the form of electronic cash/money or checks. Electronic tokens are same as cash that is backed by bank. They are of three types: 1. Cash or real-time ( e-cash) 2. Debit or Prepaid (smart cards, e-purses) 3. Credit or Postpaid (credit/debit cards, e-checks) E-cash Electronic cash is a consumer-oriented electronic payment. Though it replaces the cash but still cash is quite dominant form of payment for three reasons: 1. Lack of trust in banking system 2. Inefficient clearing and settlement of non-cash transaction 3. Negative real interest rates paid on bank deposit Advantages of cash over credit cards †¢ It is negotiable †¢ Cash is a legal tender †¢ Cash is a bearer instrument †¢ It need require bank account to operate †¢ No risk on the part of acceptor that the medium of exchange may not be good MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 2 Properties of e-cash E-cash must have following four properties: Monetary values: Interoperability Retrievability Security E-cash in Action †¢ E-cash based on cryptographic systems called â€Å"digital signature† †¢ †¢ †¢ This method involves pair of two numeric keys (very large number or integer) that work in tandem (cycle): one for encoding and another for decoding. Message encoded with one numeric key can only be decoded with other numeric key and none other. The encoding key is kept private while the decoding key is made public. E-checks †¢ E-checks are another form of electronic tokens. †¢ †¢ A new electronic version of paper check. E-check is an instruction to a financial institution to pay a given amount of money to the payee. It is a specially formatted email message sent over the Internet. It contains as the same information as on paper based check. Check service providers PayByCheck (http://www. paybycheck. com) CyberSource (http:// cybersource. com) Transaction Payment Sequence in E-check system Payer Transfer e-check Payee Deposit e-check Forward e-check for payer authentication Bank Accounting Server MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 3 Transaction Payment Sequence in E-check system †¢ Buyer must register with third party account server using electronic check. †¢ On receiving the check, the seller presents it to accounting server for verification and payment. †¢ The accounting system verifies the digital signature on the check. †¢ Properly signed and endorsed checks can be electronically exchanged between financial institutions through electronic clearing house. Advantages of E-Check †¢ They work in the same way as traditional checks. †¢ E-checks are suited for micro payments. Eliminate the need for expensive process reengineering and taking advantage of the banking industry. †¢ Financial risk is assumed by accounting server. †¢ E-checks create a float through third-party accounting server. They make money out of buyers and sellers transaction by providing deposit account. Difference b/w EFT and E-check †¢ In E-Cheque, electronic versions of the cheque are issued, received processed. So, payee issues an E-Cheque for each payment. †¢ In EFT transfer automatic withdrawals are made for monthly bills or other fixed payments; no cheques are issued. Smart cards †¢ A smart card is a plastic card with an embedded microchip containing information about you. †¢ A smart card can store about 100 times the amount of information that a magnetic strip plastic card can store. †¢ A smart card contains private user information, such as financial facts, private encryption keys, account information, credit card numbers, health insurance information, etc. †¢ So far not successful in U. S. , but popular in Europe, Germany, Singapore and Japan to pay for public phone call, transportation. Mondex Smart Card †¢ Holds and dispenses electronic cash (Smart-card based, stored-value card) †¢ Developed by MasterCard International †¢ Requires specific card reader, called Mondex terminal, for merchant or customer to use card over Internet †¢ Supports micropayments and works both online and off-line at stores or over the telephone †¢ Secret chip-to-chip transfer protocol †¢ Loaded through ATM – ATM does not know transfer protocol; connects with secure device at bank MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore Mondex Smart Card Processing Mondex Smart Card †¢ Disadvantages – Card carries real cash in electronic form, creating the possibility of theft – No deferred (overdue) payment as with credit cards – cash is dispensed immediately Types of Smart cards Smart cards are basically of two types: 1. Relationship-based Smart Cards 2. Electronic Purses and Debit Cards Rela tionship-based Smart Cards It is the enhancement of existing card services that offer customers far better options like: 1. Access to multiple accounts (debit, credit, e-cash) on one card. 2. Offer various functions ( cash access, bill payment, balance inquiry, fund transfer) 3. Multiple access options at multiple location using multiple access device (ATM, PC, PDA or screenphone etc) Electronic Purses and Debit Cards Electronic Purses or E- wallet are the smart cards embedded with programmable microchip that store sum of money instead of cash. Once a purse is loaded with money it require card reader vending machine which verifies its authenticity . Then after amount is deducted from balance. It shows the remaining balance on the card hence eliminate the small bill in busy stores. E-wallets when depleted can be recharged with money . MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 5 Credit cards-based e-payment system Credit Cards †¢ A credit card is a small plastic card issued to users dealing in e-commerce. Most credit cards are the same shape and size, as specified by the ISO 7810 standard. †¢ A credit card is different to a debit card in that it does not remove money from the user’s account after every transaction. In the case of credit cards, the issuer lends money to the consumer (or the user) to be paid to the merchant. Credit cards-based e-payment system Customers who purchase any goods send their credit card details to the service provider involved and the credit card organization will handle this payment. Online credit card payment has following categories: 1. Payment using plain credit card details 2. Payments using encrypted credit card details 3. Payment using third-party verification Entities involved in Credit card Transaction Consumer (Buyer or Card holder) Merchant (Seller) Card Issuer (Consumers’ Bank) Acquirer or Principal (Merchant’s Bank) Card Association (Visa, Master Card etc) Third party processor How an Online Credit Transaction Works Encryption and Credit cards Encryption process starts when credit card information is entered into a browser and sent securely over network between buyer to seller. Encryption process includes following steps: 1. Customer presents his credit card information securely to merchant. 2. Merchant validates the authenticity of card holder 3. Merchant relays this information to its bank or on-line card processor. MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 6 4. The bank relays the information to customer’s bank for authorization approval 5. The customer’s bank returns the credit card , charge authentication and authorization to the merchant Processing Payment with Encrypted Third-party authorization and Credit cards In third party processing, consumer register with third party on the internet to verify emicrotransaction. The companies providing third party payment service on internet are: ( First Virtual) †¢ http://www. fv. com †¢ http://www. openmarket. com †¢ http://www. 2checkout. com/ †¢ http://www. paypal. com/ Payment can be made by credit card via clearing house. Online Third-Party Processor (OTPPs) has following steps for buying information online. 1. Consumer registers for an OTPP a/c that is backed by credit card. 2. To purchase customer request merchant by her OTPP account no. 3. Merchant then contact the OTPP payment server with customer’s account no. 4. OTPP payment server verifies the customer’s account no. for vender (merchant) checks for sufficient funds. 5. OTPP server send a message to buyer that can be responded back by buyer as ; yes/agree; No/disagree; fraud. 6. If OTPP gets ‘Yes’ from customer, merchant is informed then customer is allowed to download material. MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 7 Online Payment Processing using a Third-party Processor Risk in using Credit cards †¢ Customer uses a stolen card or account number to fraudulently purchase goods or service online. †¢ Many people who will be on the Internet have not even had their first Web experience. †¢ Hackers find the ways into an e-commerce merchant’s payment processing system and then issue credits to hacker card account numbers. Many users are also likely to be younger and have less access to credit and debit cards †¢ Many purchases they make will be micropayments. †¢ Credit cards cannot be used for large sums of B2B transactions †¢ Customer falsely claims that he or she did not receive a shipment Limitations of Online Credit Card Payment Systems †¢ Security – neither merchant nor consumer can be fully authenticated. †¢ Cost – for merchants, around 3. 5% of purchase price plus transaction fee of 2030 cents per transaction. †¢ People living in rural areas don’t have same access to computers and Internet that others do. Social equity – many people do not have access to credit cards (young and old age), disabled, individuals who are not computer savvy and individuals who cannot afford cards ( poor credit risk). Designing Electronic Payment Systems Following criteria should be satisfied while designing any new E-payment System: 1. Privacy 6. Pricing 2. Security 7. Standards 3. Intuitive Interface 4. Database Integration 5. Brokers MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 8 How to cite Electronic Payment System, Papers Electronic Payment System Free Essays UNIT – 3 Electronic Payment System Contents †¢ What is E-payment? †¢ Types of E-payment Systems †¢ Digital Token-based Electronic Payment Systems †¢ Smart Cards Electronic Payment Systems †¢ Credit Card-based Electronic Payment Systems †¢ Risk Electronic Payment Systems †¢ Designing Electronic Payment System What is E-payment ? †¢ E-payment systems is the mechanism of transferring money over the Internet and technology used in this transfer is called as EFT. EFT defined as â€Å" any transfer of fund initiated through an e-terminal, telephonic instrument, or computer or magnetic tape to order, instruct or authorize a financial institution to debit or credit an account. It is mostly used for Business to business (B2B) commerce where companies doing business together tend to use electronic data interchange (EDI) system to send each other bills and notices of payment. We will write a custom essay sample on Electronic Payment System or any similar topic only for you Order Now E-Payment †¢ Information online offline $ Products/services Advantages of E-Payment †¢ †¢ †¢ Increase payment efficiency – Reduce transaction costs – Enable trade in goods and services of very low value Increase convenience of making payments – Payment can be made swiftly and remotely using various devices Can be used for – e-commerce / e-Trade – For other purposes like paying bills, taxes, etc MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 1 Categories of EFT Banking and financial payments * Large-scale or wholesale payment * Small scale or retail payment * Home banking Retailing payments * Credit cards * Debit cards On-line electronic commerce payments * Token-based payment system ~ Electronic cash ~ Electronic checks ~ Smart cards or debit cards * Credit card-based payment systems ~ Encrypted credit cards ~ Third-party authorization numbers Main factors when selecting e-payment method †¢ Availability (bank system, laws and regulations) †¢ The consideration of size and type of business, type of a target group of consumers, types of products and services. The ability to provide security against fraudulent activity †¢ Being cost effective for low value transaction fees †¢ Being protective of the privacy of the users †¢ Easy to use, and being convenient for purchasing on the web based e-business Token-based E-Payment Systems Electronic tokens are the new financial instruments which are in the form of electronic cash/money or checks. Electronic tokens are same as cash that is backed by bank. They are of three types: 1. Cash or real-time ( e-cash) 2. Debit or Prepaid (smart cards, e-purses) 3. Credit or Postpaid (credit/debit cards, e-checks) E-cash Electronic cash is a consumer-oriented electronic payment. Though it replaces the cash but still cash is quite dominant form of payment for three reasons: 1. Lack of trust in banking system 2. Inefficient clearing and settlement of non-cash transaction 3. Negative real interest rates paid on bank deposit Advantages of cash over credit cards †¢ It is negotiable †¢ Cash is a legal tender †¢ Cash is a bearer instrument †¢ It need require bank account to operate †¢ No risk on the part of acceptor that the medium of exchange may not be good MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 2 Properties of e-cash E-cash must have following four properties: Monetary values: Interoperability Retrievability Security E-cash in Action †¢ E-cash based on cryptographic systems called â€Å"digital signature† †¢ †¢ †¢ This method involves pair of two numeric keys (very large number or integer) that work in tandem (cycle): one for encoding and another for decoding. Message encoded with one numeric key can only be decoded with other numeric key and none other. The encoding key is kept private while the decoding key is made public. E-checks †¢ E-checks are another form of electronic tokens. †¢ †¢ A new electronic version of paper check. E-check is an instruction to a financial institution to pay a given amount of money to the payee. It is a specially formatted email message sent over the Internet. It contains as the same information as on paper based check. Check service providers PayByCheck (http://www. paybycheck. com) CyberSource (http:// cybersource. com) Transaction Payment Sequence in E-check system Payer Transfer e-check Payee Deposit e-check Forward e-check for payer authentication Bank Accounting Server MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 3 Transaction Payment Sequence in E-check system †¢ Buyer must register with third party account server using electronic check. †¢ On receiving the check, the seller presents it to accounting server for verification and payment. †¢ The accounting system verifies the digital signature on the check. †¢ Properly signed and endorsed checks can be electronically exchanged between financial institutions through electronic clearing house. Advantages of E-Check †¢ They work in the same way as traditional checks. †¢ E-checks are suited for micro payments. Eliminate the need for expensive process reengineering and taking advantage of the banking industry. †¢ Financial risk is assumed by accounting server. †¢ E-checks create a float through third-party accounting server. They make money out of buyers and sellers transaction by providing deposit account. Difference b/w EFT and E-check †¢ In E-Cheque, electronic versions of the cheque are issued, received processed. So, payee issues an E-Cheque for each payment. †¢ In EFT transfer automatic withdrawals are made for monthly bills or other fixed payments; no cheques are issued. Smart cards †¢ A smart card is a plastic card with an embedded microchip containing information about you. †¢ A smart card can store about 100 times the amount of information that a magnetic strip plastic card can store. †¢ A smart card contains private user information, such as financial facts, private encryption keys, account information, credit card numbers, health insurance information, etc. †¢ So far not successful in U. S. , but popular in Europe, Germany, Singapore and Japan to pay for public phone call, transportation. Mondex Smart Card †¢ Holds and dispenses electronic cash (Smart-card based, stored-value card) †¢ Developed by MasterCard International †¢ Requires specific card reader, called Mondex terminal, for merchant or customer to use card over Internet †¢ Supports micropayments and works both online and off-line at stores or over the telephone †¢ Secret chip-to-chip transfer protocol †¢ Loaded through ATM – ATM does not know transfer protocol; connects with secure device at bank MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore Mondex Smart Card Processing Mondex Smart Card †¢ Disadvantages – Card carries real cash in electronic form, creating the possibility of theft – No deferred (overdue) payment as with credit cards – cash is dispensed immediately Types of Smart cards Smart cards are basically of two types: 1. Relationship-based Smart Cards 2. Electronic Purses and Debit Cards Rela tionship-based Smart Cards It is the enhancement of existing card services that offer customers far better options like: 1. Access to multiple accounts (debit, credit, e-cash) on one card. 2. Offer various functions ( cash access, bill payment, balance inquiry, fund transfer) 3. Multiple access options at multiple location using multiple access device (ATM, PC, PDA or screenphone etc) Electronic Purses and Debit Cards Electronic Purses or E- wallet are the smart cards embedded with programmable microchip that store sum of money instead of cash. Once a purse is loaded with money it require card reader vending machine which verifies its authenticity . Then after amount is deducted from balance. It shows the remaining balance on the card hence eliminate the small bill in busy stores. E-wallets when depleted can be recharged with money . MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 5 Credit cards-based e-payment system Credit Cards †¢ A credit card is a small plastic card issued to users dealing in e-commerce. Most credit cards are the same shape and size, as specified by the ISO 7810 standard. †¢ A credit card is different to a debit card in that it does not remove money from the user’s account after every transaction. In the case of credit cards, the issuer lends money to the consumer (or the user) to be paid to the merchant. Credit cards-based e-payment system Customers who purchase any goods send their credit card details to the service provider involved and the credit card organization will handle this payment. Online credit card payment has following categories: 1. Payment using plain credit card details 2. Payments using encrypted credit card details 3. Payment using third-party verification Entities involved in Credit card Transaction Consumer (Buyer or Card holder) Merchant (Seller) Card Issuer (Consumers’ Bank) Acquirer or Principal (Merchant’s Bank) Card Association (Visa, Master Card etc) Third party processor How an Online Credit Transaction Works Encryption and Credit cards Encryption process starts when credit card information is entered into a browser and sent securely over network between buyer to seller. Encryption process includes following steps: 1. Customer presents his credit card information securely to merchant. 2. Merchant validates the authenticity of card holder 3. Merchant relays this information to its bank or on-line card processor. MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 6 4. The bank relays the information to customer’s bank for authorization approval 5. The customer’s bank returns the credit card , charge authentication and authorization to the merchant Processing Payment with Encrypted Third-party authorization and Credit cards In third party processing, consumer register with third party on the internet to verify emicrotransaction. The companies providing third party payment service on internet are: ( First Virtual) †¢ http://www. fv. com †¢ http://www. openmarket. com †¢ http://www. 2checkout. com/ †¢ http://www. paypal. com/ Payment can be made by credit card via clearing house. Online Third-Party Processor (OTPPs) has following steps for buying information online. 1. Consumer registers for an OTPP a/c that is backed by credit card. 2. To purchase customer request merchant by her OTPP account no. 3. Merchant then contact the OTPP payment server with customer’s account no. 4. OTPP payment server verifies the customer’s account no. for vender (merchant) checks for sufficient funds. 5. OTPP server send a message to buyer that can be responded back by buyer as ; yes/agree; No/disagree; fraud. 6. If OTPP gets ‘Yes’ from customer, merchant is informed then customer is allowed to download material. MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 7 Online Payment Processing using a Third-party Processor Risk in using Credit cards †¢ Customer uses a stolen card or account number to fraudulently purchase goods or service online. †¢ Many people who will be on the Internet have not even had their first Web experience. †¢ Hackers find the ways into an e-commerce merchant’s payment processing system and then issue credits to hacker card account numbers. Many users are also likely to be younger and have less access to credit and debit cards †¢ Many purchases they make will be micropayments. †¢ Credit cards cannot be used for large sums of B2B transactions †¢ Customer falsely claims that he or she did not receive a shipment Limitations of Online Credit Card Payment Systems †¢ Security – neither merchant nor consumer can be fully authenticated. †¢ Cost – for merchants, around 3. 5% of purchase price plus transaction fee of 2030 cents per transaction. †¢ People living in rural areas don’t have same access to computers and Internet that others do. Social equity – many people do not have access to credit cards (young and old age), disabled, individuals who are not computer savvy and individuals who cannot afford cards ( poor credit risk). Designing Electronic Payment Systems Following criteria should be satisfied while designing any new E-payment System: 1. Privacy 6. Pricing 2. Security 7. Standards 3. Intuitive Interface 4. Database Integration 5. Brokers MBA-II, EBF (FT-204C) Unit-3, Study material compiled by Prof. Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 8 How to cite Electronic Payment System, Essay examples

Core Tax Legislation and Study

Quetion: Discuss about the Core Tax Legislation and Study. Answer: Introduction: It has always been a confusion that whether the amount a person is receiving lies under the category of ordinary income or not! In many of the cases, this has not been resolved, although, there are some laws and legal obligations which completely explain the process of understanding the concept of ordinary income. In the present case, a girl named Peta has purchased a land in Kew where she thought of living with her family once she builds the three unit house. The other way around, she might want to sell the house on a profit. She has got two tennis courts in her land which she wanted to use for the construction of her house. But, the tennis club at the next door asked Peta to sell the land at a price of 600, 000$ but they put a condition for that, which states that Peta has to renovate the tennis courts before selling it. Peta agreed and spent 100, 000$ on it to sell it at a handsome price. This involved a great deal of work. Peta had to resurface the tennis courts and build new fences around them. She then sold the tennis courts in the current tax year to the tennis club for $600,000. Now the question is whether the amount of 600,000$ is an ordinary amount or not in the tax year! According to the law of Australia, the tax is imposed on the ordinary income of the individual which means that if a person is earning or receiving money through a direct or indirect source, that amount is known as the ordinary amount. (Crifo Diaye 2011) So, as far as the case is concerned where Peta has renovated both of the tennis courts in order to sell the house, the amount she is receiving against that house is a direct amount as she is the owner of the property. The Income Tax Assessment Act states that if Peta is an Australian resident, then, the ordinary amount is assessable. (Gaal 2013) It means if Peta was residing in Australia, then the amount she is getting against the tennis courts is the ordinary amount. So, under the statement of the law, it is quite clear that the receipt of 600,000$ is of ordinary amount. (Feldstein 2011) Peta has invested 100,000$ on the renovation because the next door tennis club asked Peta to renovate it and then sell it to them. She got 500,000$ as a profit from selling the tennis courts where she was thinking to build his own three unit house to live with her family. There have been so many misconceptions in the past about the concept of the ordinary income but the court has legally defined it in a very straight forward way. All the amounts which are normally considered as income are known to be the ordinary amounts. (Gravelle 2010) But even then, people get confused about the concept of ordinary income. The law has simply called the income ordinary if the income has been defined under such conditions: Income from personal activity like salary or wages Income from property like rent and interest Income from your business like farming, etc. (Odunlade 2012) So, the government has made the things easier for the people to understand but still problems come up like in the present case. However, the amount of 600, 000$ comes from the property Peta owned so, therefore, it comes under the second clause of the above mentioned criteria for understanding the concept of ordinary income. (Rand Tarp 2011) In simple words, the receipt of 600, 000$ is the ordinary amount. The ordinary income is considered to be the assessable income because this is the income which is liable to pay tax against itself. Although, there are some limitations upon which it is decided that whether the income is ordinary or not! The origin of the income matters in order to see whether it falls under the ordinary incomes or not! (Slemrod 2010) The law is slightly different for those who are not the residents of the Australia but as in the present case where Peta is living with her family in the house, the amount she received from the tennis club is the ordinary income. This is how it can be categorized and sorted out because there are too many ambiguities when it comes to the assessment of the ordinary income. (Reinhardt Steel 2006) It does not matter whether you are receiving the amount directly or indirectly, the amount which is linked to an Australian source would fall under the ordinary amount. (Royalty 2000) Peta received the amount directly from the tennis court which was owned by her so in this case, the receipt of 600, 000$ is pure ordinary income for Peta in the income year. Scenario: Fringe Benefits Tax is one of the kinds of tax which is imposed on the companies due to some of their acts. This type of tax is imposed on the company when the company is offering some non-cash benefits to its employees. The benefits which are provided to the employees vary because you will see in this scenario how people have been given different benefits. Alan is an employee at ABC Pty Ltd (ABC). He has negotiated with the company upon the following benefits to be provided: Salary of $300,000; Payment of Alan's mobile phone bill ($220 per month, including GST). Alan is under a two-year contract whereby he is required to pay a fixed sum each month for unlimited usage of his phone. Alan uses the phone for work-related purposes only; Payment of Alan's children's school fees ($20,000 per year). The school fees are GST free. ABC also provided Alan with the latest mobile phone handset, which cost $2,000 (including GST). At the end of the year ABC hosted a dinner at a local Thai restaurant for all 20 employees and their partners. The total cost of the dinner was $6,600 including GST. The case revolves around few parameters that if some changes have been made in the current scenario, then how FBT gets affected and what are the possibilities they can improve their FBT amount at the end of the financial year. Fringe benefits tax would be taken care of under different conditions and it has different variables for each country as per their laws and regulations. Fringe Benefits Tax is one of those taxes which have to be reported at the end of the financial year. There are some limitations on which these taxes are based. In the present case, Alan is getting a salary of 300, 000$ monthly with some of the other non-payment benefits like his phone bill is being paid by the ABC Pty Ltd which is about 220$ per month. Moreover, the company also bought a phone for Alan which costed 2000$. Lastly, the company is also taking care of his children school fee which 20,000$ annually. Plus, the company also arranged an annual dinner for all the 20 employees and it costed 6600$. Now, the consequences which the company might face according to the conditions of FBT include some of the following facts: If a company is giving the benefits to the employee which increases the amount of 2000$ from April 1 to 31 March, then the company is liable to pay FBT on the benefits. In the current scenario, the company is already giving benefits to Alan which is more than the amount of 2000$ annually. We can simply calculate it in this way: Alans per month phone charges: 220$ Annual phone charges: 220x12 = 2,640$ Cost of Mobile phone: 2000$ Cost of dinner for Alan: 330$ Cost of dinner for 20 employees: 6600$ Annual fringe benefits cost: 2640 + 2000 + 6600 Total = 11, 240$ The value clearly shows it is quite higher than the threshold value set by the law for FBT to be imposed. However, one thing should be clear about the FBT and that is, the amount which only include GST on it is liable to fall under FBT, otherwise it would not be considered as the amount to be used for FBT. (Matthews 2011) Now in the present case, ABC needs to submit the report of the fringe benefits amount which is known as reportable fringe benefits amount. The sum of the fringe benefits amounts for an employee after a year is known as reportable fringe benefits total. As you can see that the amount for the school fee is not included in the FBT amount because it does not have GST on it. Therefore, company has to pay the FBT amount in the month of the June. (Carroll et al. 2010) If ABC had only 5 employees, then the scenario might have been a bit different because the cost for the 20 employees at the dinner is quite more than the amount for the 5 employees. The amount gets reduced to only 1650$ at the dinner and then if we calculate the amount under the conditions of FBT, that is, the amount which include GST becomes 6, 280$ which is quite less than the amount calculated earlier. The consequences are less critical for the ABC Pty Ltd now because the FBT amount has been decreased. But, still the company has to pay the FBT for his employee. The law, however, varies from country to country and the value set by the government for FBT also differs. (Woellner et al. 2016) If clients of ABC also come in the dinner, then the scenario would have been changed completely because the amount would have been increased a lot and so is the GST. The more the amount of GST, the higher will be the FBT amount which company has to pay. (Saez 2013) So, fringe benefits tax is a totally different type of tax which is imposed on the company on the basis of the benefits offered to its employees. (Barkoczy 2016) It also includes the medical facility being provided to the employees. So, the amount has already crossed the threshold value which is only 2000$ and if the clients of ABC were also present in the dinner, then it would have cost a lot to ABC and the consequences might get worse. References Barkoczy, S., 2016. Core tax legislation and study guide.OUP Catalogue. Carroll, R., Joulfaian, D. and Mackie, J., 2010. Income versus consumption tax baselines for tax expenditures.National Tax Journal, Forthcoming. Crifo, P. and Diaye, M.A., 2011. The composition of compensation policy: from cash to fringe benefits.Annals of Economics and Statistics/Annales d'conomie et de Statistique, pp.307-326. Feldstein, M., Feenberg, D. and MacGuineas, M., 2011.Capping individual tax expenditure benefits(No. w16921). National Bureau of Economic Research. Gaal, J., 2013. Fringe benefits tax issues.Division 7A Handbook: The Practitioner's Guide to the Div 7A Rules, p.219. Gravelle, J.G., 2010. Practical Tax Reform for a More Efficient Income Tax.Va. Tax Rev.,30, p.389. Matthews, S., 2011. Trends in top incomes and their tax policy implications. Odunlade, R.O., 2012. Managing employee compensation and benefits for job satisfaction in libraries and information centres in Nigeria. Rand, J. and Tarp, F., 2011. Does gender influence the provision of fringe benefits? Evidence from Vietnamese SMEs.Feminist economics,17(1), pp.59-87. Reinhardt, S. and Steel, L., 2006. A brief history of Australia's tax system.Economic Round-up, (Winter 2006), p.1. Royalty, A.B., 2000. Tax preferences for fringe benefits and workers eligibility for employer health insurance.Journal of Public Economics,75(2), pp.209-227. Saez, E., 2013. Income inequality: evidence and policy implications.Arrow Lecture, Stanford University. Slemrod, J., 2010. Complexity in the Australian tax and transfer system. InMelbourne InstituteAustralias Future Tax and Transfer Policy Conference (p. 257). Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C. and Pinto, D., 2016.Australian Taxation Law 2016. Oxford University Press.

Social Policy Regimes

Table of Contents Introduction Historical Perspectives Current Perspectives Critical Perspectives Comparative Case Studies Conclusion References Introduction Social policy consists of legislation, principles and activities that countries employ to enhance the social conditions of their people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Policy Regimes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to the emergence of democracy across the world, social policy has become an integral part of democracy as it supports human rights and further enhances the delivery of services in important sectors such as healthcare, housing, security, education, trade and labour amongst other essential social aspects of the society (Kennett 2004, p.91). The basic objective of a social policy is to enhance equity and to improve human welfare by ensuring the accessibility and affordability of essential resources to all members of society. Thus, th e kind of social policy possessed by a country reflects the extent of how its government satisfies the societal needs since poor social policy depicts a society deprived of its essential needs and deficient of human welfare. Kennett (2004) argues that although the social policy is a discipline on its own, it greatly interfaces with economics, political science, legal studies, history and health disciplines for they all have a significant impact on the welfare of humanity (p.91). Thus, social policy is a complex discipline that attracts other related disciplines making it a multidisciplinary field of study. Given the complexity of social policy as a multidisciplinary subject, this essay examines factors that contribute to differential evolution of social policy in various countries ultimately exploring comparative case studies of three countries, the United States, China, and Sweden. Historical Perspectives Social policy is a discipline that employs multidisciplinary approaches in th e study of problems that affect social processes and the welfare of human beings in society. Social policy seeks to ensure that people receive essential services such as healthcare, education, housing, security and provision of food, water and employment to improve the lives of people. Fundamentally, social policy aims at alleviating social problems that affect the wellbeing of humanity by ensuring that the government puts proper welfare structures in place to enhance accessibility and distribution of critical resources to the people. As a discipline, social policy is the study of social problems and wellbeing of humans.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The discipline emerged after the realisation that, disciplines like political science, sociology, economic, and history do not effectively examine social issues that society is grappling with (Esping-Andersen1990, p.9). Thus, s ocial policy provides a wider examination of social issues, as it interfaces with all these disciplines. Therefore, social policy deals with everything that affects the wellbeing of humanity. Social policy has evolved tremendously in the last three decades since social issues have been increasing due to globalisation. The economic system of capitalism that has swept across the world has enhanced inequality in many societies, thus necessitating social policy to reverse trends of inequality and improve the wellbeing of marginalised communities. Although governments are making significant strides towards keeping abreast with the globalised forces of politics and economics, development have been trailing due to insufficient attention from policy makers. This means that the wellbeing of citizens has been gradually declining because social policy has not been created in tandem with the societal needs. Inefficiency of social policy is evident in the wellbeing of indigenous people or margin alised communities for they are lagging behind when mainstream society is embracing and reaping varied benefits from globalisation. Therefore, social policy helps in improving the wellbeing of marginalised communities and unprivileged citizens through the provision of essential resources such as: healthcare, housing, security, education, food, water and employment (Kennett 2004, p.91). If the government ensures that every citizen receives enough of these resources, it guarantees the wellbeing of the people and society. Disparity in social expenditure in different countries is due to dissimilar approaches that welfare public policy and administration use in enhancing the wellbeing of citizens. Comparative theory of social policy has shown that four main approaches of social policy exist and can effectively elucidate disparity of social expenditure among nations. Firstly, the deterministic approach views economic conditions as the determinant of social expenditure. In this approach, b oth local economy and international economy due to the advent of globalisation have a significant impact on social policy of a country. Secondly, political approach views that democracy enhances development of social policy because individuals have the freedom to advocate for the needs of the society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Policy Regimes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The third approach views that cultural and social factors determine the nature of social policy of a country. This approach holds that social ideologies, cultural values and religious beliefs have a significant impact on the development of social policy. While the fourth approach holds that structures of institutions in policy development determine the nature of social policy in a country, it therefore implies that countries with excellent policymaking structures have good social policy, while those that have meagre policymaking structures have poor social policy (Mullard, Spicker 1998, p.186). Basing on regime theory, the welfare systems across the world depend on regimes for they have a strong influence on social aspects of society. According to the regime theory, three types of regimes exist that determine social policy systems in the society. These regimes are liberal, conservative and universal states (Hill 2006, p.25). The first type of regime is a liberal state in which globalisation factors of free markets take precedence over welfare systems, as markets forces self-regulate satisfying demands of the society. According to Esping-Andersen (1990), in a liberal regime, the government function is just to enhance efficiency of trade and economic growth through liberalisation, with minimal emphasis on development of social welfare systems (p.12). Countries like the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada are in this category. The conservative state is the second type of regime in which a state plays a vital role in the development of social policy institutions and structures that enhance formulation of social policy. In the conservative state, neither democracy nor globalisation trends of free markets determine formulation of social policy, but instead nationalism matters. Countries that fall in this category include China, Germany, Switzerland, and Japan. The third type of regime is the universal state because it seeks to uphold the highest principles that improve the wellbeing of humanity. Hill (2006) argues that these states are very democratic, valuing social rights for they seek to promote a high standard of equality in society (p.28).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Countries under this category are trying to get out of globalising forces that seem to cloud many countries, preventing them from perceiving the importance of social policy. Countries like Sweden, Denmark and Norway fall under this category of regime. Current Perspectives Current trends of social policy across the world are under the influence of globalisation. Globalisation is a powerful political, economic and social ideology that is sweeping all countries to become one global nation, sharing common problems, demanding similar needs and requiring same policies (Pierson 2006, p.202). Under the context of globalisation, countries are finding it hard to adopt conservative forms of state that have their own social policy. Since politics have a significant impact in the formulation of social policy, the influence of globalisation in the political arena consequently affects the development of social policy. According to Kennett (2008), democracy is an overwhelming ideology in the global isation of politics (p.12). Developed countries that have mature democracies tend to create a political environment that favours establishment and development of social policies. For instance, a country like the United States have good social policy because of a mature democracy, while developing countries like Zimbabwe have an immature democracy, which reflect a poor social policy. Moreover, since the development of a social policy in a country is dependent on economic conditions, economic factors of globalisation affect the development of social policy. Globalisation’s trend of liberalising markets is threatening the economies of many countries because free markets offer stiff competition in the business environment and thus do not provide a chance for uncompetitive goods from developing countries. In essence, liberalised markets provided an opportunity for developed countries and mega companies to monopolise and dominate markets. If the globalisation forces of liberalised markets threaten the existence of small companies and market share of developing countries, it means that economic growth and development gradually declines. Pierson (2006) argues that nation-states are gradually losing their economic powers to international markets that regulate and determine the country’s capacity to survive in liberalised markets (p.201). This means that the welfare system of a country is subject to a globalised economy. Countries that are uncompetitive in the liberalised markets will experience a decline in economic growth and development, which consequently hampers the establishment of social policy. In contrast, social issues of globalisation such as the advocacy of human rights, cultural values and spread of religious beliefs enhance development of social policy. Due to technology, people living in the remotest corners of the world are able to keep abreast with social forces of globalisation that have transformed society into a global village. Modern s ociety can share common values and beliefs due to the advancement in information technology that hastens the transfer of information from civilized to uncivilized people. Castells (2000) argues that information technology is transforming cultural and social aspects of society very fast, leading to the globalisation of societal values and beliefs (p.8). Therefore, information technology as an aspect of globalisation is gradually establishing a global culture that favours formulation and development of social policy. Development of social policy in contemporary society is dependent on the efforts of various players such as individual, non-governmental organisation and government (Mullard, Spicker 1998, p.188). Individual members of the society play an integral role in the formulation, development and implementation of social policy, for they are at the receiving end of governance. When a government issues orders, laws or polices, all citizens have a legal and moral responsibility of ensuring that no one is breaching those laws. Moreover, given that social policy deals wellbeing of citizens, individuals should demand better services that enhance their wellbeing and in so doing they participate in the formulation and implementation of social policy. In times of crisis, non-governmental organisations help government in alleviating impacts of crises and improving wellbeing of the citizens. According to Larner (2005), government uses structures and systems such as families, schools, communities, companies, media and political parties in imparting social policy into the society for people to adopt (p.53). These structures and systems are very important in the society for they reduce the burden of dealing with individual members of the society. Critical Perspectives Diversity in the society in terms of gender, race, sexuality and disabilities is creating inequality that classifies people into various classes of economic status and power. Society for a long time has ge ndered roles that suite men and women, and mostly women have experience marginalisation since men dominate in various roles (Jenson 2008, p. 135). Since society perceives women as weak gender, issues and challenges affecting women have become part of social policy as a way of empowering them and enhancing their wellbeing. Feminists protest that the society has stereotyped roles of women to be inferior to the roles of men, thus undermining capabilities and wellbeing of women. The Anglo-Western perspective of gender is to empower women through formulation of social policy that provide for affirmative action. According to Jenson (2008), feminists are advocating for the rights of women in social, political and economic aspects of society (p.136). In the social aspect of society, feminists argue that women have the same abilities as men, but discrimination and stereotyping of their roles as inferior has been undermining their quest for a better life. Feminists also assert that men have d ominated politics and misused political powers in undermining women. Another view of feminists is that economic structure of society has placed women in low economic classes, thus receive economic oppression from their counterparts. Ethnicity and race has created inequalities, in that marginalised ethnicities or races are trailing in aspects of human development such: as social, political and economics. For the government to empower different ethnicities, it must have appropriate social policy in place that identifies specific needs of the people in certain communities. For instance, according to Morrissey (2006), the indigenous people of Australia suffered from marginalisation and discrimination for a long period because the government had no any social policy until prompted by other Commonwealth Countries (p.349). This means that social policy of indigenous or marginalised communities is not only a limited issue but also a global issue. Disability and sexuality is a social issue t hat is slowly gaining recognition in social policy. People with disabilities and aberrant sexual orientations have formed part of minority groups who need recognition and protection of their rights. In the case of people with disabilities, various governments have made significant progress in gathering for their needs in spite of poor social policies. Currently, many disabled people are receiving formal education and employment that have considerably improved their wellbeing in the society (Shima, Zolyomi, Zaidi 2008, p.9). Regarding aberrant sexual orientation, gays and lesbians are advocating for their rights based on their perception of the society as having marginalised and discriminated against them. Proponents of homosexuals are arguing that lesbians and gays need recognition in the society. According to Concannon (2008), the constitution and social policy provide good structures that would enhance wellbeing of homosexuals if formulated and implemented well (p.327). Therefore , social policy is central to promoting the rights and wellbeing of minority groups like homosexuals and people with disabilities in the modern society. Comparative Case Studies Comparative case studies show that different countries have different approaches of social policy depending on their social, political, cultural and economic conditions. Therefore, what are the approaches that countries like the United States, China and Sweden employ in their social policy? Regime theory classifies the United States as a liberalised state, due to their capitalistic economy and the liberalisation of their markets. The United States does not place much emphasis on development of the welfare system since free trade and capitalism favours individualism. Issues that mainly dominate the United States social policy are health insurance, security, education, employment and inequality, but mainly occur at state levels. Bailey, Harte and Sugden (1994) argue that the United States does not have an inte grated welfare system because of factors such as federalism, capitalism and liberalised markets that favour individualism (p.9). Different states in the United States have their own unique social policy in sectors like health, security, education and housing due to federalism. Capitalism and liberalised markets have provided a lucrative environment for private enterprises and non-governmental organisations to venture into the welfare system making it complex and expensive. China’s social policy mainly has it basis in political stability making it fall under the conservative states according to regime theory. In China, democracy and liberalisation of trades have no any impact in the development of social policy since political figures and nationalists are only aiming to achieve political expediency and the stability of their nation. This means that the current wave of globalisation in terms of liberalisation of markets and democracy is threatening survival of China’s so cial policy. Li, Feng, and Gizelis (2008), argue that the current economic, social and political trends of globalisation have compelled the Chinese government to construct new social policies (p.6). New social policies became essential because the liberalisation of capital and labour markets have affected traditional labour and trade systems tremendously, thus necessitating restructuring of both social and economic policy. The restructuring of economic policy resulted in unprecedented unemployment, which aggravated inequality and increased the cost of living, hence compelling the government to formulate new social policies to address these issues. Moreover, family-planning policy of one-child significantly changed the demography of China in that extended families that provided support for the elderly diminished, leaving nuclear families that have no capacity to support the old in the society. Thus, the Chinese government had to gather for the needs of the elderly through social poli cy (Li, Feng, Gizelis 2008, p.5) Sweden is the ideal form of a welfare state, which belongs to the category of a universal state according to regime theory. Hantrais (2007) argues that the Swedish model of social policy is very advanced compared to the British model because it provides universal care to its citizens, enhancing equality (p.23). Comparatively, in the European Union, Sweden has the highest social expenditure relative to Gross Domestic Product per head. According to social expenditure database, Sweden spends 35.2% of Gross Domestic product, while it has Gross Domestic Product of $28100 per head, which is the lowest in Europe and the entire world (Hill 2006, p.20). Hence, factors that contributed to development of social policy in Sweden as a welfare state include its Good policy institutions, stable economy, political commitment to social issues, and culture that favour social protection. Therefore, comparative case studies have shown that social policy in different co untries varies according to political, social, economic and cultural factors. The comparative case studies have shown that variability in social policy and social expenditure in developed countries is attributable to political, social, and cultural factors, while financial factors do not have a momentous impact. For instance, according to Hill (2006), the United States has Gross Domestic Product per head of $37,600 and spends about 19.6% of this in public social expenditure, while Sweden has Gross Domestic Product per head of $28,100 but spends approximately 35.2% of it in social expenditure (p.20). The statistics shows that Sweden spends significantly higher on social expenditure as compared to the United States. Therefore, the disparity is in social expenditure across nations depends on economic, social, cultural and political aspects of government since they have a significant impact in the formulation of social policy. Conclusion Social policy is an integral type of policy that every government needs to enhance provisions of essential services and resources such as healthcare, education, security, employment, housing and food among other societal needs. Social policy has evolved considerably in the last three decades because inequality has been increasing following the globalising factors of capitalism, liberalised markets and economic crisis. Although globalisation seems to pose a harmful blow in the progress of social policy, it has benefits in enhancing democracies, providing information technology and creating a global culture that promotes the wellbeing of humanity. Literature reviews and comparative case studies have shown that different countries employ different approaches in developing social policy. Thus, the social policy possessed by any country depends on economic, social, cultural and political factors. References Bailey, D., Harte, G., Sugden, R., 1994. Transnationals and Governments:  Recent Policies in Japan, France, Germany, the United States, and Britain.  London: Routledge. Castells, M., 2000. The Rise of the Network Society. Malden: Blackwell Publishers Concannon, L., 2008. Citizenship, Sexual Identity and Social Exclusion: Exploring Issues in British and American Social Policy. International Journal of  Sociology and Social Policy, 28, (10), pp. 326-339. Esping-Andersen, G., 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. United Kingdom: Polity Press Hantrais, L., 2007. Social Policy in the European Union. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Press. Hill, M., 2006. Social Policy in the Modern World: A Comparative Text. London: Wiley-Blackwell. Jenson, J., 2008. Writing Women Out, Folding Gender In. Social Policy, 15(2), pp. 131-153. Kennett, P., 2004. A Handbook of Comparative Social Policy. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing. Kennett, P., 2008. Governance, Globalisation, and Public Policy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. Larner, W., 2005. Analyzing Social Policy: A governmental Approach.  Cheltenham: E dward Elgar Publishing. Li, J., Feng, Y., Gizelis, I., 2008. China’s New Social Security System in the Making: Problems and Prospects. International Journal of Public Administration, 31(1), pp. 5-23. Morrissey, M., 2006. The Australian State and Indigenous People 1990-2006.  Journal of Sociology, 42(4), pp. 347-354. Mullard, M., Spicker, P., 1998. Social Policy in a Changing Society. London: Routledge, Pierson, C., 2006. Beyond the Welfare State? The New Political Economy of Welfare. United Kingdom: Polity Press. Shima, I., Zolyomi, E., Zaidi, A., 2008. The Labour Market Situation of People with Disabilities in Europe. European Center for Social Welfare, pp.1-18. This essay on Social Policy Regimes was written and submitted by user Norah Stuart to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Implementation Of Multi Protocol Label Switching LSP Information Technology Essay Essay Example

Implementation Of Multi Protocol Label Switching LSP Information Technology Essay Essay Example Implementation Of Multi Protocol Label Switching LSP Information Technology Essay Paper Implementation Of Multi Protocol Label Switching LSP Information Technology Essay Paper With the addition in popularity of the Internet, the demand for internet applications is turning twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. This turning demand consequences in addition of web traffic and web congestion. Therefore, there is a demand to implement web traffic direction strategy to pull off web traffic better, to better its public presentation and to present a better experience. Multiprotocol label shift is the strategy used for reconstructing web traffic over the web if a failure occurs in a label switched waies. In this study, I try to imitate the above scenario in NS2 and I calculate the different public presentation matrices to demo my consequences that how they vary over different MPLS waies. [ To be Completed 2010 ] With the promotion in computing machine engineering and development of engineerings like cyberspace, the demand for applications based on the World Wide Web is increasing twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. This turning demand is doing a retarding force on the limited web resources, doing an inferior user experience. An cyberspace user typically faces high latency clip when the user requests a web page from a web waiter. A simple solution to this job is to increase the web bandwidth to better the user experience. The job with this attack is that, internet application are developed that consume greater web resources. Therefore, there is demand to execution of a package strategy to better the direction of web resources. 1.1 Introduction to MPLS Multiprotocol label shift is used in computing machine webs and telecommunications, for reconstructing web traffic with high public presentation over the web when a failure occurs in a label switched waies over Wide Area Networks nodes. MPLS reroute the informations by making practical links over the web, without sing the protocol of the encapsulated information. 1.1.1 MPLS Architecture Simple MPLS web with four LSRs and three LSPs ( AaBaC, AaBaD, and CaBaD ) . First and last LSRs over an LSP are called the immersion and emersion, severally. LSP A is ingress and LSR C is the emersion. The operation LSRs is different from that of intermediate LSRs. Fig 1.1.1a Simple MPLS Network illustration ( Arunesh Joshi, 2010 ) Label stack: The MPLS allows more than one labels in a package and this is besides called as label stack, it is organized as a last in first out ( LIFO ) which is used in to back up nested tunnels. Label exchanging Table: It is a tabular array and is besides called as entrance label map ( ILM ) , which maintains the function between incoming label to the outgoing interfaces and surpassing labels. When new labels enter it is called as following hop label send oning entry ( NHLFE ) .The information nexus and hop count jointly used for conveying the package. Label distribution tabular array: The function of any entrance and surpassing label or interface is called as LSP apparatus or label distribution. A label distribution protocol is a set of actions in which two LSRs is used to maps the capablenesss of the two LSRs and hence it interchange there mapping information. Incoming label Surpassing label Following Hoop reference Peer label State Table 1.1.1 Labels of send oning tabular array ( Arunesh Joshi, 2010 ) Label assignment and distribution: The label assignment and distribution in MPLS is the determination which is to adhere a label with the FEC is ever executing in downstream LSR with regard to flux of the packages. Then the downstream informs the upstream LSR about the binding. Thus the control traffic and information traffic flows in opposite waies. As in the figure we have LSR A to LSR B and label assignment is decided by the LSR A to LAR B. We have two ways in which download distribution takes topographic point i.e. download watercourse on demand or unasked downstream. Label meeting: In label meeting we can unify two or more labels with each other as in the figure we have LSP 2 and LSP 3 we can make so if we have same label on the package which we have to reassign from one beginning to the finish so we can unite them hold it organize a switched label tree and can be transmitted over the web, which reduced the demand of the label infinite. Route choice and expressed routing: In this LSR is used to find that to which the following hop is I am directing the package so these can be done by two techniques. 1. Hop by Hop routing 2. Explicit routing. So the path choice is done by these two techniques. How MPLS work over the web? Fig 1.1.1 B How MLPS works ( Arunesh Joshi, 2010 ) MPLS plants by labeling packages with an identifier to separate the Label switch waies over the web. When a node over the web receives a package, it looks in its forwarding tabular array to happen the best nexus over the web and forwards the standard package over that nexus with the label for its following node. Each node uses a different label to reassign package. This work is either carried out by the router or switch. This consequences in a simple forwarding process, as the usage of router minimizes the processing. The package s finish reference is used to find which LSP to utilize. LSP labels are used inside the web to send on the packages to the Host router. 1.2 Label Distribution Protocol Overview Label Distribution Protocol is the most of import protocol in the Multi Protocol Label Switching architecture. In the MPLS web, two label-switching routers should hold on the significance of the labels that are used to send on traffic between them. It defines a set of processs and messages by which one LSR will inform other about the label bindings made. The LSR maps the web bed routing information straight to data-link bed switched waies with the aid of this protocol. ( Javvin.com ) The Label Switched Routers, which uses LDP to interchange label-mapping information, are the LDP equals. In a individual session, each equal is able to larn about the others label functions. 2 bytes 2 bytes Version PDU Length LDP Identifier ( 6 bytes ) LDP Messages Fig 1.2 a LDP construction ( Javvin.com ) Version: LDP version figure is 1. PDU Length: The entire length of the PDU excepting the version and the PDU length field. LDP identifier: It unambiguously identifies the label infinite of the sending LSR for which this PDU applies. Uracil Message type Message Length Message ID Parameters Fig 1.2 B LDP message ( Javvin.com ) Uracil: The U spot is an unknown message spot. Message type: it is a type of message. The following are the message types that exists: ( protocol.com ) 0x001 Presentment 0x100 Hello 0x200 Low-level formatting 0x201 Keep Alive 0x300 Address 0x301 Address Withdraw 0x400 Label Mapping 0x401 Label Request 0x404 Label Abort petition 0x402 Label Withdraw 0x403 Label Release default Unknown Message Name Message length: The length in eights of the message ID, compulsory parametric quantities and optional parametric quantities Message Idaho: 32-bit value used to place the message. Parameters: The parametric quantities contain the TLVs. There are both compulsory and optional parametric quantities. Some messages have no compulsory parametric quantities, and some have no optional parametric quantities. 1.3 Background on NS Simulator NS simulator covers big figure of applications that includes protocols, web types, web elements and traffic theoretical accounts. These in other words are called as fake objects . These simulators can be written in two linguistic communications viz. object oriented simulator written in C++ and a tcl translator. NS simulator is distinct event based. The TCL book defines the occurance of the event. Both the visual image hint and an ASCII file hint matching to the events that are registered at the web can be produced by the event. The default construction of the ASCII hint file is as follows: Event Time From node To node Pkt. Type Pkt. Size Flags Fid Src addr Dst. addr Seq Num Pkt. Idaho Table 1.3 Structure of ASSCII hint file Event can be any one of the followers: enqueue, dequeue, bead or receive. The term Time defines the happening of the event. The term From node defines the input node of the happening of the nexus. To node defines the end product node of that nexus. Pkt. type and size describes the package. User can put the nexus figure via Fid . Beginning and Destination reference defines the beginning and finish nodes of the package given in the signifier: node.port . The user is allowed to specify a usage hint format to track all the system parametric quantities of his involvement. NS besides allows making of random variables with different distribution. It besides allows bring forthing the same random sequence of random Numberss in different tallies. This consequences in same behaviour. For illustration, a typical distribution for bring forthing packages with different sizes is Pareto. This distribution inter arrival clip of new connexion is often taken to be exponential. After following the simulation, the user can utilize tools such as awk or perl to treat the end product files and so gnuplot or xgraph to demo graphs of the interesting parametric quantities. Network Model A web theoretical account is designed to imitate MPLS protocol over the wired web which contains three Senders, three Receivers and seven Intermediate nodes to route the packages. Design Of Simulation Fig 2.1 a initial simulation Design ( Arunesh Joshi, 2010 ) Fig 2.1 B NAM simulation Design ( Arunesh Joshi ) NS2 MPLS tcl Code In fig 2.1b nodes 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 are the LSR s here # set up links between all nodes: Bandwidth, Delay, Queue type $ ns duplex-link $ n0 $ LSR3 1Mb 10ms DropTail $ ns duplex-link $ n1 $ LSR3 1Mb 10ms DropTail $ ns duplex-link $ n2 $ LSR3 1Mb 10ms DropTail $ ns duplex-link $ LSR3 $ LSR5 1Mb 10ms DropTail $ ns duplex-link $ LSR5 $ LSR4 1Mb 10ms DropTail $ ns duplex-link $ LSR5 $ LSR7 1Mb 10ms DropTail $ ns duplex-link $ LSR5 $ LSR6 350Kb 10ms DropTail $ ns duplex-link $ LSR4 $ LSR6 350Kb 10ms DropTail $ ns duplex-link $ LSR7 $ LSR8 1Mb 10ms DropTail $ ns duplex-link $ LSR8 $ LSR6 1Mb 10ms DropTail $ ns duplex-link $ LSR6 $ LSR9 1Mb 10ms DropTail $ ns duplex-link $ LSR9 $ n10 1Mb 10ms DropTail $ ns duplex-link $ LSR9 $ n11 1Mb 10ms DropTail $ ns duplex-link $ LSR9 $ n12 1Mb 10ms DropTail Note: Here if one node has packet loss so packets change the way and path through another node. This can be done by following bids in NS2 # Install or configure LDP agents on all MPLS nodes, # and put way Restoration map that reroutes traffic # around a nexus failure in a LSP to an alternate LSP. # Adjust cringle length to turn to all LSRs ( MPLS nodes ) . for { set I 3 } { $ I lt ; 10 } { incr I } { put a LSR $ I for { put J [ expr $ i+1 ] } { $ J lt ; 10 } { incr J } { set B LSR $ J eval $ ns LDP-peer $ $ a $ $ B } set m [ eval $ $ a get-module MPLS ] $ m enable-reroute bead } LDP messages are represented by different colourss used in NS2 # Set ldp-message colorss in NAM simulator $ ns ldp-request-color blue $ ns ldp-mapping-color ruddy $ ns ldp-withdraw-color magenta $ ns ldp-release-color orange $ ns ldp-notification-color yellow MPLS informations for LSP tunnels these are formed when congestion is at that place # MPLS informations for LSP tunnels $ Ns at 0.5 [ $ LSR5 get-module MPLS ] make-explicit-route 9 5_7_8_6_9 1003 -1 $ Ns at 1.2 [ $ LSR3 get-module MPLS ] flow-erlsp-install 10 -1 1004 $ Ns at 2.2 [ $ LSR3 get-module MPLS ] ldp-trigger-by-release 10 1004 Performance Prosodies Performance prosodies to mensurate Average Throughput over different MPLS channel. Average Packet loss over different MPLS channel. Average End to End Delay over different MPLS channels The public presentation Metrics in MPLS can be calculated on assorted factors like. Throughput: It can be calculated as an mean package rate by which information has been transferred over the web and it can be measured in spots per second. End to End Delay: The clip taken for the package to convey from transmitter to receiver across the web and the hold brush during transmittal is said as terminal to stop hold. This factor can be calculated as: Delay terminal to end= N [ Propagation Delay + Transmission hold + Processing hold ] Here N is figure of packages that are transferred. Packet Loss: Whenever during transmittal we lost a datagram we have to retransmit that datagram once more, which use excess bandwidth. This factor can be calculated as: Packet Loss= [ Packet send ] [ Packet receive ] 3 Consequences The purpose of the undertaking is to implement MPLS over a web topology in which we have transmitters and receiving systems which exchange s informations in between them and if one of the MPLS way fails during execution so the LSP tunneling is used to alter the way so that the service is maintained in between transmitter and receiving system. This purpose is achieved and can be easy interpret from the X-graphs below. 3.1 Simulation Consequences Here for simulation we use UDP agent with package size of 20 bytes and bitrates for transmitters as 100, 200 and 300 kbps and the simulation clip is 3 sec. Here in this, X-graphs are used to demo the mean bandwidth, mean package loss and mean End to End hold of different MPLS channels which are used in between transmitter and receiving system to reassign the packages. X-graph for mean throughput Fig 3.1 X-graph of throughput ( Arunesh Joshi, 2010 ) X-graph for mean End to End hold Fig 3.2 X-graph of End to End Delay ( Arunesh Joshi, 2010 ) X-graph for mean Packet loss Fig 3.3 X-graph of package loss ( Arunesh Joshi, 2010 ) Note: -We can change the bitrates and package size to acquire the more optimized values in X Graph for public presentation matrices. 3.2 Decision With this simulation we have learnt about the NS2 installing and how to work in NS2, how to imitate assorted web topologies. Our simulation contains 3 transmitter 6 LSR s and 3 receiving systems in a wired scenario. The size of a familial package is 20 bytes. Transmission rate of a node is 300, 200 and 100 Kbps. We have simulated assorted public presentation prosodies over this topology like terminal to stop package hold, throughput and package loss. In the simulation procedure assorted NAM Graphs and X-Graph are generated which illustrates the information about public presentation prosodies. Here the throughput of the first way is max as all packages are transferred through this but due to packet loss at node 5 the paths are changed and that is why the 2nd way has less throughput and the last way has the least because really less packages are transfer by utilizing this way. Packet loss is more when all the traffic is traveling over a individual way between 0.5 1 sec and from 2-2.5sec because at that clip all informations is reassigning over a individual way.

Discussion Questions Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Discussion Questions - Term Paper Example Those doing public opinion are guided by questions depending on the issue they are studying. Some of the questions that they may use when focusing n a study can be how strongly is a given opinion by the public held? In which geographical area, age group, religion, society and sector of the economy are the opinion intense? Or even what other relating opinions does the public has? Measurement of quantitative opinion has helped in generalization of opinions and cementing of public opinion is a good thing. Secondly is a thorough investigation of individual and small group opinion that when gathered make up public opinion. This is an important element since individual opinions relate in a way, and individual aggregated judgments are inseparable. It is through individual opinions that an opinion that will be later referred as the public is conceived after studying multiple individuals and analyzing and grouping their responses and drawing up a relationship between them. Lastly a good analy sis of public’s responsibility of the opinion is another very important element. The public has an imperative role to play on public opinions simply because most of the issues to be addressed through the opinion affect them. An analysis is very important to check the public commitment in the process, and through this, the success of the process will be determined. The media as we know it is the most influential tool in the creation and enhancement of public opinion in modern days. It takes the form of print media (magazines, reports, newspapers among others), the radio, television and the internet. Speaking of media is like referring to a way of shaping and influencing people perceptions and opinions. The media are so powerful that it has helped shrink the entire world into a small society where people from a great distance can access, influence and hear other people opinions despite them being very far from them. One of the biggest roles of media is to enhance participation in a public opinion; this can be possible through advertising and opinions posted directly to media house. With its power, media can influence individual judgment by focusing on the issues that they feel will greatly affect public view on an issue. The role that the media have played is without doubt positive, the much influence it has brought, and the much it has helped change the world are phenomenon. Thanks to the media influence on public opinion we have seen democracy find a way in dictatorial nations, refugees get international help and sympathy, witnessed social economic growth in the world among other many good things. 2 Presidents Washington, Polk, Lincoln, FDR, Kennedy and Reagan i would refer to them as good politicians who knew a thing or two about politics, played good politics and had a dream for the American people. They are some of the greatest presidents that the united States have had. It is through their commitment and zeal that saw U.S.A â€Å"grow† to be the most powerful nation in the entire universe. President George Washington was the first president of the United States who acted consciously yet so carefully since he knew the importance a well build nation with a well established executive arm of Government that could be house future presidents. He is celebrated for setting many precedents that are still applicable and use in the office of the president. For his entire time, he is celebrated for

EFT4 task 5 SUBDOMAIN 602.4 - SUBJECT-SPECIFIC TEACHING METHODS Essay

EFT4 task 5 SUBDOMAIN 602.4 - SUBJECT-SPECIFIC TEACHING METHODS (ELEMENTARY) - Essay Example Students are asked to change the two dimensional objects into the three dimension objects. A cube is formed from six faces with identical squares, which are joined by their edges. A vertex is formed by joining of the three edges at the each corner. This cube is too known as the regular hexahedron. The cube is very common 3-D (three-dimensional) object. The shape is displayed in the figure below. For understanding the concept of finding the surface area of a cube in grade 5 and 6, there is need to educate the students in a logical and more practical manners (Mighty students, 2010). The use of real time practical examples can help the students of this age to get better understanding of the concept of surface area of a cube. According to McDoniel (2008) the topic relates to the understanding the surface area of a cube. The author also describes the methods for making the concepts for the students of grade 5 and 6 through the use of real world practical examples. There are some prerequisite skills, which are necessary for getting better knowledge about the concept of surface area of a cube. These important requirements are as follows: The students must be familiar with cubic shape items. For making cube shape things like a bin, student must make square shape pieces. This concept is based on the turning two-dimensional squares into three-dimensional cubes. When students are asked to make a cube shape bin, for this task they must cut the square shaped six pieces and all these six pieces must be of same size. This concept relates with the cubes. After having six same sizes square pieces combine them together to make cube shape of a bin. From this the surface of a cube is calculated by using the above formula of SA= 6 * a2 (The World of Math online, 2005). To determine the exterior surface are of a cube there is need to find the height, width and depth. A cube has six faces and three- dimensions. All faces of a cube item are shaped as square.

Coming of Age on the New Jersey Shore Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Coming of Age on the New Jersey Shore - Essay Example As the years passed, I became more aware of New York City just an hour away. Here was the greatest mix of diversity in the world, yet strangely troubled by a melting pot that was boiling over. I was safe in my small white-collar bedroom community, so close and yet so far away. I was dismayed that the life of security I led was taken for granted, while people on my doorstep were struggling with the issues of crime, drugs, and alienation. I became ever more interested in trying to find a way to help the world politically, economically, and socially. When 9/11 shook the planet it also rocked my world of safety and security. As I thought about the people who died in an attempt just to lead their daily lives, it drew me out of my complacency. The bravery of the rescue workers that lost their lives to save others would not be lost on me. Certainly there was something I could do with my future that could help prevent this tragedy from ever happening again. My experience with athletics had taught me that it aint over until its over. For me, my dedication to improving the conditions of the world around me had just begun. My parents instilled in me a sense of duty to the world around me. They would fulfill their duty to the world by their attention to charity and volunteer work. It was always just accepted that you would do something for the good of your community or mankind. It was this commitment to citizenship that urged me to seek a career where I could be of a benefit to the rest of the planet. Â