Social Policy Regimes

Table of Contents Introduction Historical Perspectives Current Perspectives Critical Perspectives Comparative Case Studies Conclusion References Introduction Social policy consists of legislation, principles and activities that countries employ to enhance the social conditions of their people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Policy Regimes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to the emergence of democracy across the world, social policy has become an integral part of democracy as it supports human rights and further enhances the delivery of services in important sectors such as healthcare, housing, security, education, trade and labour amongst other essential social aspects of the society (Kennett 2004, p.91). The basic objective of a social policy is to enhance equity and to improve human welfare by ensuring the accessibility and affordability of essential resources to all members of society. Thus, th e kind of social policy possessed by a country reflects the extent of how its government satisfies the societal needs since poor social policy depicts a society deprived of its essential needs and deficient of human welfare. Kennett (2004) argues that although the social policy is a discipline on its own, it greatly interfaces with economics, political science, legal studies, history and health disciplines for they all have a significant impact on the welfare of humanity (p.91). Thus, social policy is a complex discipline that attracts other related disciplines making it a multidisciplinary field of study. Given the complexity of social policy as a multidisciplinary subject, this essay examines factors that contribute to differential evolution of social policy in various countries ultimately exploring comparative case studies of three countries, the United States, China, and Sweden. Historical Perspectives Social policy is a discipline that employs multidisciplinary approaches in th e study of problems that affect social processes and the welfare of human beings in society. Social policy seeks to ensure that people receive essential services such as healthcare, education, housing, security and provision of food, water and employment to improve the lives of people. Fundamentally, social policy aims at alleviating social problems that affect the wellbeing of humanity by ensuring that the government puts proper welfare structures in place to enhance accessibility and distribution of critical resources to the people. As a discipline, social policy is the study of social problems and wellbeing of humans.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The discipline emerged after the realisation that, disciplines like political science, sociology, economic, and history do not effectively examine social issues that society is grappling with (Esping-Andersen1990, p.9). Thus, s ocial policy provides a wider examination of social issues, as it interfaces with all these disciplines. Therefore, social policy deals with everything that affects the wellbeing of humanity. Social policy has evolved tremendously in the last three decades since social issues have been increasing due to globalisation. The economic system of capitalism that has swept across the world has enhanced inequality in many societies, thus necessitating social policy to reverse trends of inequality and improve the wellbeing of marginalised communities. Although governments are making significant strides towards keeping abreast with the globalised forces of politics and economics, development have been trailing due to insufficient attention from policy makers. This means that the wellbeing of citizens has been gradually declining because social policy has not been created in tandem with the societal needs. Inefficiency of social policy is evident in the wellbeing of indigenous people or margin alised communities for they are lagging behind when mainstream society is embracing and reaping varied benefits from globalisation. Therefore, social policy helps in improving the wellbeing of marginalised communities and unprivileged citizens through the provision of essential resources such as: healthcare, housing, security, education, food, water and employment (Kennett 2004, p.91). If the government ensures that every citizen receives enough of these resources, it guarantees the wellbeing of the people and society. Disparity in social expenditure in different countries is due to dissimilar approaches that welfare public policy and administration use in enhancing the wellbeing of citizens. Comparative theory of social policy has shown that four main approaches of social policy exist and can effectively elucidate disparity of social expenditure among nations. Firstly, the deterministic approach views economic conditions as the determinant of social expenditure. In this approach, b oth local economy and international economy due to the advent of globalisation have a significant impact on social policy of a country. Secondly, political approach views that democracy enhances development of social policy because individuals have the freedom to advocate for the needs of the society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Policy Regimes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The third approach views that cultural and social factors determine the nature of social policy of a country. This approach holds that social ideologies, cultural values and religious beliefs have a significant impact on the development of social policy. While the fourth approach holds that structures of institutions in policy development determine the nature of social policy in a country, it therefore implies that countries with excellent policymaking structures have good social policy, while those that have meagre policymaking structures have poor social policy (Mullard, Spicker 1998, p.186). Basing on regime theory, the welfare systems across the world depend on regimes for they have a strong influence on social aspects of society. According to the regime theory, three types of regimes exist that determine social policy systems in the society. These regimes are liberal, conservative and universal states (Hill 2006, p.25). The first type of regime is a liberal state in which globalisation factors of free markets take precedence over welfare systems, as markets forces self-regulate satisfying demands of the society. According to Esping-Andersen (1990), in a liberal regime, the government function is just to enhance efficiency of trade and economic growth through liberalisation, with minimal emphasis on development of social welfare systems (p.12). Countries like the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada are in this category. The conservative state is the second type of regime in which a state plays a vital role in the development of social policy institutions and structures that enhance formulation of social policy. In the conservative state, neither democracy nor globalisation trends of free markets determine formulation of social policy, but instead nationalism matters. Countries that fall in this category include China, Germany, Switzerland, and Japan. The third type of regime is the universal state because it seeks to uphold the highest principles that improve the wellbeing of humanity. Hill (2006) argues that these states are very democratic, valuing social rights for they seek to promote a high standard of equality in society (p.28).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Countries under this category are trying to get out of globalising forces that seem to cloud many countries, preventing them from perceiving the importance of social policy. Countries like Sweden, Denmark and Norway fall under this category of regime. Current Perspectives Current trends of social policy across the world are under the influence of globalisation. Globalisation is a powerful political, economic and social ideology that is sweeping all countries to become one global nation, sharing common problems, demanding similar needs and requiring same policies (Pierson 2006, p.202). Under the context of globalisation, countries are finding it hard to adopt conservative forms of state that have their own social policy. Since politics have a significant impact in the formulation of social policy, the influence of globalisation in the political arena consequently affects the development of social policy. According to Kennett (2008), democracy is an overwhelming ideology in the global isation of politics (p.12). Developed countries that have mature democracies tend to create a political environment that favours establishment and development of social policies. For instance, a country like the United States have good social policy because of a mature democracy, while developing countries like Zimbabwe have an immature democracy, which reflect a poor social policy. Moreover, since the development of a social policy in a country is dependent on economic conditions, economic factors of globalisation affect the development of social policy. Globalisation’s trend of liberalising markets is threatening the economies of many countries because free markets offer stiff competition in the business environment and thus do not provide a chance for uncompetitive goods from developing countries. In essence, liberalised markets provided an opportunity for developed countries and mega companies to monopolise and dominate markets. If the globalisation forces of liberalised markets threaten the existence of small companies and market share of developing countries, it means that economic growth and development gradually declines. Pierson (2006) argues that nation-states are gradually losing their economic powers to international markets that regulate and determine the country’s capacity to survive in liberalised markets (p.201). This means that the welfare system of a country is subject to a globalised economy. Countries that are uncompetitive in the liberalised markets will experience a decline in economic growth and development, which consequently hampers the establishment of social policy. In contrast, social issues of globalisation such as the advocacy of human rights, cultural values and spread of religious beliefs enhance development of social policy. Due to technology, people living in the remotest corners of the world are able to keep abreast with social forces of globalisation that have transformed society into a global village. Modern s ociety can share common values and beliefs due to the advancement in information technology that hastens the transfer of information from civilized to uncivilized people. Castells (2000) argues that information technology is transforming cultural and social aspects of society very fast, leading to the globalisation of societal values and beliefs (p.8). Therefore, information technology as an aspect of globalisation is gradually establishing a global culture that favours formulation and development of social policy. Development of social policy in contemporary society is dependent on the efforts of various players such as individual, non-governmental organisation and government (Mullard, Spicker 1998, p.188). Individual members of the society play an integral role in the formulation, development and implementation of social policy, for they are at the receiving end of governance. When a government issues orders, laws or polices, all citizens have a legal and moral responsibility of ensuring that no one is breaching those laws. Moreover, given that social policy deals wellbeing of citizens, individuals should demand better services that enhance their wellbeing and in so doing they participate in the formulation and implementation of social policy. In times of crisis, non-governmental organisations help government in alleviating impacts of crises and improving wellbeing of the citizens. According to Larner (2005), government uses structures and systems such as families, schools, communities, companies, media and political parties in imparting social policy into the society for people to adopt (p.53). These structures and systems are very important in the society for they reduce the burden of dealing with individual members of the society. Critical Perspectives Diversity in the society in terms of gender, race, sexuality and disabilities is creating inequality that classifies people into various classes of economic status and power. Society for a long time has ge ndered roles that suite men and women, and mostly women have experience marginalisation since men dominate in various roles (Jenson 2008, p. 135). Since society perceives women as weak gender, issues and challenges affecting women have become part of social policy as a way of empowering them and enhancing their wellbeing. Feminists protest that the society has stereotyped roles of women to be inferior to the roles of men, thus undermining capabilities and wellbeing of women. The Anglo-Western perspective of gender is to empower women through formulation of social policy that provide for affirmative action. According to Jenson (2008), feminists are advocating for the rights of women in social, political and economic aspects of society (p.136). In the social aspect of society, feminists argue that women have the same abilities as men, but discrimination and stereotyping of their roles as inferior has been undermining their quest for a better life. Feminists also assert that men have d ominated politics and misused political powers in undermining women. Another view of feminists is that economic structure of society has placed women in low economic classes, thus receive economic oppression from their counterparts. Ethnicity and race has created inequalities, in that marginalised ethnicities or races are trailing in aspects of human development such: as social, political and economics. For the government to empower different ethnicities, it must have appropriate social policy in place that identifies specific needs of the people in certain communities. For instance, according to Morrissey (2006), the indigenous people of Australia suffered from marginalisation and discrimination for a long period because the government had no any social policy until prompted by other Commonwealth Countries (p.349). This means that social policy of indigenous or marginalised communities is not only a limited issue but also a global issue. Disability and sexuality is a social issue t hat is slowly gaining recognition in social policy. People with disabilities and aberrant sexual orientations have formed part of minority groups who need recognition and protection of their rights. In the case of people with disabilities, various governments have made significant progress in gathering for their needs in spite of poor social policies. Currently, many disabled people are receiving formal education and employment that have considerably improved their wellbeing in the society (Shima, Zolyomi, Zaidi 2008, p.9). Regarding aberrant sexual orientation, gays and lesbians are advocating for their rights based on their perception of the society as having marginalised and discriminated against them. Proponents of homosexuals are arguing that lesbians and gays need recognition in the society. According to Concannon (2008), the constitution and social policy provide good structures that would enhance wellbeing of homosexuals if formulated and implemented well (p.327). Therefore , social policy is central to promoting the rights and wellbeing of minority groups like homosexuals and people with disabilities in the modern society. Comparative Case Studies Comparative case studies show that different countries have different approaches of social policy depending on their social, political, cultural and economic conditions. Therefore, what are the approaches that countries like the United States, China and Sweden employ in their social policy? Regime theory classifies the United States as a liberalised state, due to their capitalistic economy and the liberalisation of their markets. The United States does not place much emphasis on development of the welfare system since free trade and capitalism favours individualism. Issues that mainly dominate the United States social policy are health insurance, security, education, employment and inequality, but mainly occur at state levels. Bailey, Harte and Sugden (1994) argue that the United States does not have an inte grated welfare system because of factors such as federalism, capitalism and liberalised markets that favour individualism (p.9). Different states in the United States have their own unique social policy in sectors like health, security, education and housing due to federalism. Capitalism and liberalised markets have provided a lucrative environment for private enterprises and non-governmental organisations to venture into the welfare system making it complex and expensive. China’s social policy mainly has it basis in political stability making it fall under the conservative states according to regime theory. In China, democracy and liberalisation of trades have no any impact in the development of social policy since political figures and nationalists are only aiming to achieve political expediency and the stability of their nation. This means that the current wave of globalisation in terms of liberalisation of markets and democracy is threatening survival of China’s so cial policy. Li, Feng, and Gizelis (2008), argue that the current economic, social and political trends of globalisation have compelled the Chinese government to construct new social policies (p.6). New social policies became essential because the liberalisation of capital and labour markets have affected traditional labour and trade systems tremendously, thus necessitating restructuring of both social and economic policy. The restructuring of economic policy resulted in unprecedented unemployment, which aggravated inequality and increased the cost of living, hence compelling the government to formulate new social policies to address these issues. Moreover, family-planning policy of one-child significantly changed the demography of China in that extended families that provided support for the elderly diminished, leaving nuclear families that have no capacity to support the old in the society. Thus, the Chinese government had to gather for the needs of the elderly through social poli cy (Li, Feng, Gizelis 2008, p.5) Sweden is the ideal form of a welfare state, which belongs to the category of a universal state according to regime theory. Hantrais (2007) argues that the Swedish model of social policy is very advanced compared to the British model because it provides universal care to its citizens, enhancing equality (p.23). Comparatively, in the European Union, Sweden has the highest social expenditure relative to Gross Domestic Product per head. According to social expenditure database, Sweden spends 35.2% of Gross Domestic product, while it has Gross Domestic Product of $28100 per head, which is the lowest in Europe and the entire world (Hill 2006, p.20). Hence, factors that contributed to development of social policy in Sweden as a welfare state include its Good policy institutions, stable economy, political commitment to social issues, and culture that favour social protection. Therefore, comparative case studies have shown that social policy in different co untries varies according to political, social, economic and cultural factors. The comparative case studies have shown that variability in social policy and social expenditure in developed countries is attributable to political, social, and cultural factors, while financial factors do not have a momentous impact. For instance, according to Hill (2006), the United States has Gross Domestic Product per head of $37,600 and spends about 19.6% of this in public social expenditure, while Sweden has Gross Domestic Product per head of $28,100 but spends approximately 35.2% of it in social expenditure (p.20). The statistics shows that Sweden spends significantly higher on social expenditure as compared to the United States. Therefore, the disparity is in social expenditure across nations depends on economic, social, cultural and political aspects of government since they have a significant impact in the formulation of social policy. Conclusion Social policy is an integral type of policy that every government needs to enhance provisions of essential services and resources such as healthcare, education, security, employment, housing and food among other societal needs. Social policy has evolved considerably in the last three decades because inequality has been increasing following the globalising factors of capitalism, liberalised markets and economic crisis. Although globalisation seems to pose a harmful blow in the progress of social policy, it has benefits in enhancing democracies, providing information technology and creating a global culture that promotes the wellbeing of humanity. Literature reviews and comparative case studies have shown that different countries employ different approaches in developing social policy. Thus, the social policy possessed by any country depends on economic, social, cultural and political factors. References Bailey, D., Harte, G., Sugden, R., 1994. Transnationals and Governments:  Recent Policies in Japan, France, Germany, the United States, and Britain.  London: Routledge. Castells, M., 2000. The Rise of the Network Society. Malden: Blackwell Publishers Concannon, L., 2008. Citizenship, Sexual Identity and Social Exclusion: Exploring Issues in British and American Social Policy. International Journal of  Sociology and Social Policy, 28, (10), pp. 326-339. Esping-Andersen, G., 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. United Kingdom: Polity Press Hantrais, L., 2007. Social Policy in the European Union. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Press. Hill, M., 2006. Social Policy in the Modern World: A Comparative Text. London: Wiley-Blackwell. Jenson, J., 2008. Writing Women Out, Folding Gender In. Social Policy, 15(2), pp. 131-153. Kennett, P., 2004. A Handbook of Comparative Social Policy. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing. Kennett, P., 2008. Governance, Globalisation, and Public Policy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. Larner, W., 2005. Analyzing Social Policy: A governmental Approach.  Cheltenham: E dward Elgar Publishing. Li, J., Feng, Y., Gizelis, I., 2008. China’s New Social Security System in the Making: Problems and Prospects. International Journal of Public Administration, 31(1), pp. 5-23. Morrissey, M., 2006. The Australian State and Indigenous People 1990-2006.  Journal of Sociology, 42(4), pp. 347-354. Mullard, M., Spicker, P., 1998. Social Policy in a Changing Society. London: Routledge, Pierson, C., 2006. Beyond the Welfare State? The New Political Economy of Welfare. United Kingdom: Polity Press. Shima, I., Zolyomi, E., Zaidi, A., 2008. The Labour Market Situation of People with Disabilities in Europe. European Center for Social Welfare, pp.1-18. This essay on Social Policy Regimes was written and submitted by user Norah Stuart to help you with your own studies. 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Implementation Of Multi Protocol Label Switching LSP Information Technology Essay Essay Example

Implementation Of Multi Protocol Label Switching LSP Information Technology Essay Essay Example Implementation Of Multi Protocol Label Switching LSP Information Technology Essay Paper Implementation Of Multi Protocol Label Switching LSP Information Technology Essay Paper With the addition in popularity of the Internet, the demand for internet applications is turning twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. This turning demand consequences in addition of web traffic and web congestion. Therefore, there is a demand to implement web traffic direction strategy to pull off web traffic better, to better its public presentation and to present a better experience. Multiprotocol label shift is the strategy used for reconstructing web traffic over the web if a failure occurs in a label switched waies. In this study, I try to imitate the above scenario in NS2 and I calculate the different public presentation matrices to demo my consequences that how they vary over different MPLS waies. [ To be Completed 2010 ] With the promotion in computing machine engineering and development of engineerings like cyberspace, the demand for applications based on the World Wide Web is increasing twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. This turning demand is doing a retarding force on the limited web resources, doing an inferior user experience. An cyberspace user typically faces high latency clip when the user requests a web page from a web waiter. A simple solution to this job is to increase the web bandwidth to better the user experience. The job with this attack is that, internet application are developed that consume greater web resources. Therefore, there is demand to execution of a package strategy to better the direction of web resources. 1.1 Introduction to MPLS Multiprotocol label shift is used in computing machine webs and telecommunications, for reconstructing web traffic with high public presentation over the web when a failure occurs in a label switched waies over Wide Area Networks nodes. MPLS reroute the informations by making practical links over the web, without sing the protocol of the encapsulated information. 1.1.1 MPLS Architecture Simple MPLS web with four LSRs and three LSPs ( AaBaC, AaBaD, and CaBaD ) . First and last LSRs over an LSP are called the immersion and emersion, severally. LSP A is ingress and LSR C is the emersion. The operation LSRs is different from that of intermediate LSRs. Fig 1.1.1a Simple MPLS Network illustration ( Arunesh Joshi, 2010 ) Label stack: The MPLS allows more than one labels in a package and this is besides called as label stack, it is organized as a last in first out ( LIFO ) which is used in to back up nested tunnels. Label exchanging Table: It is a tabular array and is besides called as entrance label map ( ILM ) , which maintains the function between incoming label to the outgoing interfaces and surpassing labels. When new labels enter it is called as following hop label send oning entry ( NHLFE ) .The information nexus and hop count jointly used for conveying the package. Label distribution tabular array: The function of any entrance and surpassing label or interface is called as LSP apparatus or label distribution. A label distribution protocol is a set of actions in which two LSRs is used to maps the capablenesss of the two LSRs and hence it interchange there mapping information. Incoming label Surpassing label Following Hoop reference Peer label State Table 1.1.1 Labels of send oning tabular array ( Arunesh Joshi, 2010 ) Label assignment and distribution: The label assignment and distribution in MPLS is the determination which is to adhere a label with the FEC is ever executing in downstream LSR with regard to flux of the packages. Then the downstream informs the upstream LSR about the binding. Thus the control traffic and information traffic flows in opposite waies. As in the figure we have LSR A to LSR B and label assignment is decided by the LSR A to LAR B. We have two ways in which download distribution takes topographic point i.e. download watercourse on demand or unasked downstream. Label meeting: In label meeting we can unify two or more labels with each other as in the figure we have LSP 2 and LSP 3 we can make so if we have same label on the package which we have to reassign from one beginning to the finish so we can unite them hold it organize a switched label tree and can be transmitted over the web, which reduced the demand of the label infinite. Route choice and expressed routing: In this LSR is used to find that to which the following hop is I am directing the package so these can be done by two techniques. 1. Hop by Hop routing 2. Explicit routing. So the path choice is done by these two techniques. How MPLS work over the web? Fig 1.1.1 B How MLPS works ( Arunesh Joshi, 2010 ) MPLS plants by labeling packages with an identifier to separate the Label switch waies over the web. When a node over the web receives a package, it looks in its forwarding tabular array to happen the best nexus over the web and forwards the standard package over that nexus with the label for its following node. Each node uses a different label to reassign package. This work is either carried out by the router or switch. This consequences in a simple forwarding process, as the usage of router minimizes the processing. The package s finish reference is used to find which LSP to utilize. LSP labels are used inside the web to send on the packages to the Host router. 1.2 Label Distribution Protocol Overview Label Distribution Protocol is the most of import protocol in the Multi Protocol Label Switching architecture. In the MPLS web, two label-switching routers should hold on the significance of the labels that are used to send on traffic between them. It defines a set of processs and messages by which one LSR will inform other about the label bindings made. The LSR maps the web bed routing information straight to data-link bed switched waies with the aid of this protocol. ( Javvin.com ) The Label Switched Routers, which uses LDP to interchange label-mapping information, are the LDP equals. In a individual session, each equal is able to larn about the others label functions. 2 bytes 2 bytes Version PDU Length LDP Identifier ( 6 bytes ) LDP Messages Fig 1.2 a LDP construction ( Javvin.com ) Version: LDP version figure is 1. PDU Length: The entire length of the PDU excepting the version and the PDU length field. LDP identifier: It unambiguously identifies the label infinite of the sending LSR for which this PDU applies. Uracil Message type Message Length Message ID Parameters Fig 1.2 B LDP message ( Javvin.com ) Uracil: The U spot is an unknown message spot. Message type: it is a type of message. The following are the message types that exists: ( protocol.com ) 0x001 Presentment 0x100 Hello 0x200 Low-level formatting 0x201 Keep Alive 0x300 Address 0x301 Address Withdraw 0x400 Label Mapping 0x401 Label Request 0x404 Label Abort petition 0x402 Label Withdraw 0x403 Label Release default Unknown Message Name Message length: The length in eights of the message ID, compulsory parametric quantities and optional parametric quantities Message Idaho: 32-bit value used to place the message. Parameters: The parametric quantities contain the TLVs. There are both compulsory and optional parametric quantities. Some messages have no compulsory parametric quantities, and some have no optional parametric quantities. 1.3 Background on NS Simulator NS simulator covers big figure of applications that includes protocols, web types, web elements and traffic theoretical accounts. These in other words are called as fake objects . These simulators can be written in two linguistic communications viz. object oriented simulator written in C++ and a tcl translator. NS simulator is distinct event based. The TCL book defines the occurance of the event. Both the visual image hint and an ASCII file hint matching to the events that are registered at the web can be produced by the event. The default construction of the ASCII hint file is as follows: Event Time From node To node Pkt. Type Pkt. Size Flags Fid Src addr Dst. addr Seq Num Pkt. Idaho Table 1.3 Structure of ASSCII hint file Event can be any one of the followers: enqueue, dequeue, bead or receive. The term Time defines the happening of the event. The term From node defines the input node of the happening of the nexus. To node defines the end product node of that nexus. Pkt. type and size describes the package. User can put the nexus figure via Fid . Beginning and Destination reference defines the beginning and finish nodes of the package given in the signifier: node.port . The user is allowed to specify a usage hint format to track all the system parametric quantities of his involvement. NS besides allows making of random variables with different distribution. It besides allows bring forthing the same random sequence of random Numberss in different tallies. This consequences in same behaviour. For illustration, a typical distribution for bring forthing packages with different sizes is Pareto. This distribution inter arrival clip of new connexion is often taken to be exponential. After following the simulation, the user can utilize tools such as awk or perl to treat the end product files and so gnuplot or xgraph to demo graphs of the interesting parametric quantities. Network Model A web theoretical account is designed to imitate MPLS protocol over the wired web which contains three Senders, three Receivers and seven Intermediate nodes to route the packages. Design Of Simulation Fig 2.1 a initial simulation Design ( Arunesh Joshi, 2010 ) Fig 2.1 B NAM simulation Design ( Arunesh Joshi ) NS2 MPLS tcl Code In fig 2.1b nodes 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 are the LSR s here # set up links between all nodes: Bandwidth, Delay, Queue type $ ns duplex-link $ n0 $ LSR3 1Mb 10ms DropTail $ ns duplex-link $ n1 $ LSR3 1Mb 10ms DropTail $ ns duplex-link $ n2 $ LSR3 1Mb 10ms DropTail $ ns duplex-link $ LSR3 $ LSR5 1Mb 10ms DropTail $ ns duplex-link $ LSR5 $ LSR4 1Mb 10ms DropTail $ ns duplex-link $ LSR5 $ LSR7 1Mb 10ms DropTail $ ns duplex-link $ LSR5 $ LSR6 350Kb 10ms DropTail $ ns duplex-link $ LSR4 $ LSR6 350Kb 10ms DropTail $ ns duplex-link $ LSR7 $ LSR8 1Mb 10ms DropTail $ ns duplex-link $ LSR8 $ LSR6 1Mb 10ms DropTail $ ns duplex-link $ LSR6 $ LSR9 1Mb 10ms DropTail $ ns duplex-link $ LSR9 $ n10 1Mb 10ms DropTail $ ns duplex-link $ LSR9 $ n11 1Mb 10ms DropTail $ ns duplex-link $ LSR9 $ n12 1Mb 10ms DropTail Note: Here if one node has packet loss so packets change the way and path through another node. This can be done by following bids in NS2 # Install or configure LDP agents on all MPLS nodes, # and put way Restoration map that reroutes traffic # around a nexus failure in a LSP to an alternate LSP. # Adjust cringle length to turn to all LSRs ( MPLS nodes ) . for { set I 3 } { $ I lt ; 10 } { incr I } { put a LSR $ I for { put J [ expr $ i+1 ] } { $ J lt ; 10 } { incr J } { set B LSR $ J eval $ ns LDP-peer $ $ a $ $ B } set m [ eval $ $ a get-module MPLS ] $ m enable-reroute bead } LDP messages are represented by different colourss used in NS2 # Set ldp-message colorss in NAM simulator $ ns ldp-request-color blue $ ns ldp-mapping-color ruddy $ ns ldp-withdraw-color magenta $ ns ldp-release-color orange $ ns ldp-notification-color yellow MPLS informations for LSP tunnels these are formed when congestion is at that place # MPLS informations for LSP tunnels $ Ns at 0.5 [ $ LSR5 get-module MPLS ] make-explicit-route 9 5_7_8_6_9 1003 -1 $ Ns at 1.2 [ $ LSR3 get-module MPLS ] flow-erlsp-install 10 -1 1004 $ Ns at 2.2 [ $ LSR3 get-module MPLS ] ldp-trigger-by-release 10 1004 Performance Prosodies Performance prosodies to mensurate Average Throughput over different MPLS channel. Average Packet loss over different MPLS channel. Average End to End Delay over different MPLS channels The public presentation Metrics in MPLS can be calculated on assorted factors like. Throughput: It can be calculated as an mean package rate by which information has been transferred over the web and it can be measured in spots per second. End to End Delay: The clip taken for the package to convey from transmitter to receiver across the web and the hold brush during transmittal is said as terminal to stop hold. This factor can be calculated as: Delay terminal to end= N [ Propagation Delay + Transmission hold + Processing hold ] Here N is figure of packages that are transferred. Packet Loss: Whenever during transmittal we lost a datagram we have to retransmit that datagram once more, which use excess bandwidth. This factor can be calculated as: Packet Loss= [ Packet send ] [ Packet receive ] 3 Consequences The purpose of the undertaking is to implement MPLS over a web topology in which we have transmitters and receiving systems which exchange s informations in between them and if one of the MPLS way fails during execution so the LSP tunneling is used to alter the way so that the service is maintained in between transmitter and receiving system. This purpose is achieved and can be easy interpret from the X-graphs below. 3.1 Simulation Consequences Here for simulation we use UDP agent with package size of 20 bytes and bitrates for transmitters as 100, 200 and 300 kbps and the simulation clip is 3 sec. Here in this, X-graphs are used to demo the mean bandwidth, mean package loss and mean End to End hold of different MPLS channels which are used in between transmitter and receiving system to reassign the packages. X-graph for mean throughput Fig 3.1 X-graph of throughput ( Arunesh Joshi, 2010 ) X-graph for mean End to End hold Fig 3.2 X-graph of End to End Delay ( Arunesh Joshi, 2010 ) X-graph for mean Packet loss Fig 3.3 X-graph of package loss ( Arunesh Joshi, 2010 ) Note: -We can change the bitrates and package size to acquire the more optimized values in X Graph for public presentation matrices. 3.2 Decision With this simulation we have learnt about the NS2 installing and how to work in NS2, how to imitate assorted web topologies. Our simulation contains 3 transmitter 6 LSR s and 3 receiving systems in a wired scenario. The size of a familial package is 20 bytes. Transmission rate of a node is 300, 200 and 100 Kbps. We have simulated assorted public presentation prosodies over this topology like terminal to stop package hold, throughput and package loss. In the simulation procedure assorted NAM Graphs and X-Graph are generated which illustrates the information about public presentation prosodies. Here the throughput of the first way is max as all packages are transferred through this but due to packet loss at node 5 the paths are changed and that is why the 2nd way has less throughput and the last way has the least because really less packages are transfer by utilizing this way. Packet loss is more when all the traffic is traveling over a individual way between 0.5 1 sec and from 2-2.5sec because at that clip all informations is reassigning over a individual way.

Discussion Questions Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Discussion Questions - Term Paper Example Those doing public opinion are guided by questions depending on the issue they are studying. Some of the questions that they may use when focusing n a study can be how strongly is a given opinion by the public held? In which geographical area, age group, religion, society and sector of the economy are the opinion intense? Or even what other relating opinions does the public has? Measurement of quantitative opinion has helped in generalization of opinions and cementing of public opinion is a good thing. Secondly is a thorough investigation of individual and small group opinion that when gathered make up public opinion. This is an important element since individual opinions relate in a way, and individual aggregated judgments are inseparable. It is through individual opinions that an opinion that will be later referred as the public is conceived after studying multiple individuals and analyzing and grouping their responses and drawing up a relationship between them. Lastly a good analy sis of public’s responsibility of the opinion is another very important element. The public has an imperative role to play on public opinions simply because most of the issues to be addressed through the opinion affect them. An analysis is very important to check the public commitment in the process, and through this, the success of the process will be determined. The media as we know it is the most influential tool in the creation and enhancement of public opinion in modern days. It takes the form of print media (magazines, reports, newspapers among others), the radio, television and the internet. Speaking of media is like referring to a way of shaping and influencing people perceptions and opinions. The media are so powerful that it has helped shrink the entire world into a small society where people from a great distance can access, influence and hear other people opinions despite them being very far from them. One of the biggest roles of media is to enhance participation in a public opinion; this can be possible through advertising and opinions posted directly to media house. With its power, media can influence individual judgment by focusing on the issues that they feel will greatly affect public view on an issue. The role that the media have played is without doubt positive, the much influence it has brought, and the much it has helped change the world are phenomenon. Thanks to the media influence on public opinion we have seen democracy find a way in dictatorial nations, refugees get international help and sympathy, witnessed social economic growth in the world among other many good things. 2 Presidents Washington, Polk, Lincoln, FDR, Kennedy and Reagan i would refer to them as good politicians who knew a thing or two about politics, played good politics and had a dream for the American people. They are some of the greatest presidents that the united States have had. It is through their commitment and zeal that saw U.S.A â€Å"grow† to be the most powerful nation in the entire universe. President George Washington was the first president of the United States who acted consciously yet so carefully since he knew the importance a well build nation with a well established executive arm of Government that could be house future presidents. He is celebrated for setting many precedents that are still applicable and use in the office of the president. For his entire time, he is celebrated for

EFT4 task 5 SUBDOMAIN 602.4 - SUBJECT-SPECIFIC TEACHING METHODS Essay

EFT4 task 5 SUBDOMAIN 602.4 - SUBJECT-SPECIFIC TEACHING METHODS (ELEMENTARY) - Essay Example Students are asked to change the two dimensional objects into the three dimension objects. A cube is formed from six faces with identical squares, which are joined by their edges. A vertex is formed by joining of the three edges at the each corner. This cube is too known as the regular hexahedron. The cube is very common 3-D (three-dimensional) object. The shape is displayed in the figure below. For understanding the concept of finding the surface area of a cube in grade 5 and 6, there is need to educate the students in a logical and more practical manners (Mighty students, 2010). The use of real time practical examples can help the students of this age to get better understanding of the concept of surface area of a cube. According to McDoniel (2008) the topic relates to the understanding the surface area of a cube. The author also describes the methods for making the concepts for the students of grade 5 and 6 through the use of real world practical examples. There are some prerequisite skills, which are necessary for getting better knowledge about the concept of surface area of a cube. These important requirements are as follows: The students must be familiar with cubic shape items. For making cube shape things like a bin, student must make square shape pieces. This concept is based on the turning two-dimensional squares into three-dimensional cubes. When students are asked to make a cube shape bin, for this task they must cut the square shaped six pieces and all these six pieces must be of same size. This concept relates with the cubes. After having six same sizes square pieces combine them together to make cube shape of a bin. From this the surface of a cube is calculated by using the above formula of SA= 6 * a2 (The World of Math online, 2005). To determine the exterior surface are of a cube there is need to find the height, width and depth. A cube has six faces and three- dimensions. All faces of a cube item are shaped as square.

Coming of Age on the New Jersey Shore Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Coming of Age on the New Jersey Shore - Essay Example As the years passed, I became more aware of New York City just an hour away. Here was the greatest mix of diversity in the world, yet strangely troubled by a melting pot that was boiling over. I was safe in my small white-collar bedroom community, so close and yet so far away. I was dismayed that the life of security I led was taken for granted, while people on my doorstep were struggling with the issues of crime, drugs, and alienation. I became ever more interested in trying to find a way to help the world politically, economically, and socially. When 9/11 shook the planet it also rocked my world of safety and security. As I thought about the people who died in an attempt just to lead their daily lives, it drew me out of my complacency. The bravery of the rescue workers that lost their lives to save others would not be lost on me. Certainly there was something I could do with my future that could help prevent this tragedy from ever happening again. My experience with athletics had taught me that it aint over until its over. For me, my dedication to improving the conditions of the world around me had just begun. My parents instilled in me a sense of duty to the world around me. They would fulfill their duty to the world by their attention to charity and volunteer work. It was always just accepted that you would do something for the good of your community or mankind. It was this commitment to citizenship that urged me to seek a career where I could be of a benefit to the rest of the planet. Â  

Injuries Associated With Tenpin Bowling

Injuries Associated With Tenpin Bowling Tenpin bowling is an indoor sport in which a player scores points by striking down as many pins as possible with a bowling ball rolled along a wooden or polyurethane lane. According to an estimate, more individuals play bowling than any other sports; with the notable exception of football. Also, bowling is considered to have more registered players than any other competitive sport. The governing body for bowling, FIQ (Fà ©dà ©ration Internationale des Quilleurs) has been pushing for Olympic recognition for the game. Many theories abound regarding the origin of bowling. According to some, the beginning of bowling dates back millennia. In 1930, the British anthropologist, Sir Flinders Petrie, while excavating a grave in Egypt, found objects similar to bowling balls and bowling pins. Others are of the opinion that bowling originated in Germany about 1700 years ago. Kegal, as it was then called in Germany, was played using 9 pins as opposed to 10 pins used in the modern game. The first textual reference to bowling comes from Britain. King Edward III, in 1366, supposedly banned his soldiers from participating in the game since it proved to be a major source of distraction for their duties. Bowling in America was introduced by the Germans, the Dutch, and the English. The Germans were, however, mainly responsible for the rise in popularity of the sports in and around the American Civil War. The immediate post-Second World War era is considered to be the golden age of bowling. Immense rise in popularity was witnessed during these years. For the first time, the game came to be seen as one to be played and enjoyed by the masses. Introduction of technology in the form of semi and fully automatic pinspotters during this time was also a contributing factor. Introduction of television lead to increased popularity of all sports; bowling was no exception. In the 1980s, computerised systems made scoring simpler and the game more enjoyable. More recently, recognising the importance of family entertainment centres, bowling alleys are being constructed as parts of leisure centres and shopping malls. Electronic versions of the game including PlayStation, Jamdat, and Brunswick Circuit Pro, to name a few, are further adding to the popularity of the sport. Types of Injuries and the associated mechanisms Although, bowling is not a contact sport, it has its shares of injury risks. Injuries due to chronic repetitive stress as well as faulty techniques can cause injuries in bowling. Use of a ball which is too heavy can also, over time, cause injuries. Repetitive lateral flexion, twisting, extensions as well as tremendous ground reaction forces acting on the lower back and knee, in particular are causes of concern. Since, overuse injuries are more common in bowling, the number of times an individual bowls per week assumes significance. Keeping track of the work load can help competitive athletes peak at the right moments for an important tournament. Acute injuries like back, leg or arm injury due to a fall during approach, hand or parts of the body getting caught in the ball retriever, as well as wrist and finger dislocation or sprains due to fingers getting caught in the holes of the ball are quite common place. Anatomical Sites of Injury More often than not, injuries in bowling involve the upper extremity, chiefly fingers, wrists, elbow and shoulder. However, knee and lower back injuries are a common occurrence as well. Occasionally, injuries due to fall can occur, especially in novice players and involve a variety of anatomical sites. Upper Extremity Finger sprain These are caused due to damage to the ligaments due to movements in excess of that allowed at a particular joint. Symptoms involve swelling, pain during movement, restriction of movement and in severe cases, instability of the joint. Thumb sprain Similar to finger sprains, symptoms include pain and swelling over the base of the joint, pain on movement and in the webbing between the thumb and the forefinger. Severe cases are characterised by instability of joint. Treatment involves usual application of the RICE principle. Early mobilisation during rehab is usually warranted. Injuries with instability either occurring acutely or as a residual component require surgical intervention. Carpal tunnel syndrome Repetitive activity as well as trauma or fractures which reduce the space in the carpal tunnel formed by the wrist bones on beneath and a band of fibrous tissue over it can cause Carpal tunnel syndrome. Impingement of the median nerve is immediate cause of the syndrome. It is characterised by tingling numbness with weakness or pain over the hand or fingers. Some authorities suggest worsening of symptoms nocturnally. Diagnosis is usually clinical but an EMG study can confirm the diagnosis. Biceps tendinopathy Biceps tendinopathy is a general term used to describe a variety of injuries involving the tendon of origin of the biceps. As the names suggest, tendinitis and peritendinitis involves inflammation of the tendon or tendinous sheath. Chronic micro trauma due to repetitive nature of activity with minimal rest is mainly responsible. Degenerative change in the tendon is referred to as tendinosis whereas degenerative changed over a bony prominence due to repetitive movement of a tendon is called tenosynovistis. Pain over the bicipetal groove (front of the shoulder) radiating down to the elbow, which increases in intensity on shoulder flexion, elbow flexion or forearm supination (actions of biceps) is the hallmark of diagnosis of bicipetal tendinopathy. Seldom seen as a single entity, it usually accompanies injuries of the shoulder such as a rotator cuff tear. Modality of treatment specific to this type of injury involves scapular stabilisation. Strengthening of trapezius, serratus anterior muscle and latissimus dorsi is usually advocated. Correction of posture with conscious efforts of pinching the shoulder blades together as well as use of posture braces forms an important part of treatment. De Quervains tenosynovistis Pain over the thumb side of the wrist, with or without swelling, and presence of crepitus is diagnostic of the condition. Inflammation due to repetitive movement of tendons of two small muscles of the thumb, Abductor Pollicis Longus (APL) and Extensor Pollicis Brevis (EPB), over the lower part of radius bone leads to this condition. Holding the heavy ball, wringing as well as pinching, over a period of time, is thought to be the cause de Quervains tenosynovistis. Previous injury with subsequent scar tissue at the site as well as a generalised disease like arthritis also contributes to the aetiology of the condition. Along with routine treatment, use of a thumb spica splint is considered important in rehabilitation. Lower extremity Ankle sprains Sudden change of direction, twisting, improper landing and falls; with the ankle joint bearing most of the brunt causes ankle sprains. Pain, bruising swelling, bleeding into the joint and varying grades of rupture of the supporting ligaments can occur. In severe cases, bones may be involved. Most commonly, the lateral ligament (on the outer aspect of the joint) is injured. Inversion sprains are considered to be responsible. However, deltoid ligament sprains (on the inner side of the joint) can also occur. An important aspect of rehabilitation of ankle injury is the use of wobble boards or trampoline to improve balance and proprioception. Knee joint ligaments injuries Similar to the ankle joint, sudden change in direction, twisting and improper landing can lead to injuries to the knee joint. Most commonly involved structures are the ligaments of the knee joint, namely, the cruciates, the menisci or the collaterals. Pain, bruising, swelling and instability of the joint are the usual features. Depending on the grade of injury, healing may require between four to twelve weeks. Use of knee braces forms an important part of rehab of knee ligament injuries. Sever grades of injury may require surgical reconstruction of structures. Patello-femoral Syndrome During ball release, the body balances on the front leg with flexed knee. In addition, there is twisting of the trunk to the same side. At this moment tremendous ground reaction forces act on the front knee. Such stress over time can cause patello-femoral syndrome. Chronic bearing of body weight on a semi-flexed knee with resultant grinding of the patella over the femoral bone and subsequent inflammation is considered to cause the condition. Symptoms include gradually increasing pain in the front of the knee, typically felt while climbing a flight of stairs. Over period of time, simple activities like sitting in a chair, kneeling and jogging causes pain. Faulty foot structure as well as mal-alignment of the leg can also cause the syndrome. Important aspects of rehabilitation include VMO and glutes strengthening, use of braces to strengthen surrounding structures and orthotics to correct structural abnormalities, if any. Shoulder injuries The shoulder goes through various movements during different stages of bowling. In the cocking phase, before delivery of the ball, abduction, posterior flexion and external rotation occurs. During release, there is forceful adduction with forward flexion and internal rotation which is followed by sweeping of the arm across the chest during follow through. This multitude of actions can cause shoulder ligaments tears, impingement syndromes (involving tendons of the rotator cuff or biceps), etc. Lower back Injuries affecting the lower back in bowling can be due to muscle fatigue, undue and sudden stretching of stiffened muscles, improper techniques of bowling and repetitive trauma with minimal strengthening program and rest. In addition, muscle strains or spasms involving the quadriceps, hamstrings or the adductor group of muscles can also occur. Preventive Measure for Injuries in Bowling A general plan for staying free from injuries in bowling should involve: Use of proper technique: inputs from your coach to improve technique and reduce injury risks Designing and implementation of a fitness regimen: Strengthening of musculature and supporting structures forms the first line in the prevention of injuries. Particular emphasis on finger and wrist strength as well as muscles specific to bowling like quadriceps, hamstrings, and adductors is called for. Flexibility training for the back, legs, arms and wrists is as important, if not more, as resistance training. Additionally, cardiovascular fitness training is recommended for a minimum of 3 days a week Warm up: for up to 20 minutes, include cardio work or calisthenics (exercises using body weight). This gets the blood flowing, making the muscles warm and flexible Stretching: with specific emphasis on muscle used in bowling like quadriceps, hamstrings, shoulders, and lower back.

Playing with the industry leader?s rules is competitive suicide?? If so, why? :: essays research papers

I agree with this statement. When it comes to trying to break into an industry and have a competitive advantage over the rest, the strategy we have to use has to be distinctive. This means we have to come up with a different approach to capture our customers to make them want to use our product rather than product’s from the industry’s leaders. The best competitive position is always to have no competition. To achieve that level, organizations should not be following what the leaders are doing instead they should formulate, implement and deploy a distinctive strategy that changes the rules of the business game in their favor. What wins in business is not in trying to out-muscle competitors, but rather to out-think the competitors by brainpower. For example, there are three major international television networks in the world, CBS, NBC, and ABC. In the last thirty years or so, none of them have managed to get a monopoly of the television industry. However, in the last fifteen years, all three were over-taken by CNN. This is because the three networks were trying to gain competitive advantage by using the same strategies. Only CNN has a distinctive strategy. Instead of standard broadcasting, CNN went cable and satellite. Instead of going with variety programming, CNN went with news. Instead of staying domestic, CNN went global. And because of these very different strategies CNN is one of the major leaders in the television network industry, making about US$8 billion a year. Another similar example would be the airline industry. For the last fifteen years or so, CEOs of many major international airlines openly said how difficult it was to make savings in revenues and profits. Except one airline, whose operation has proven profitable since they start business activities in 1973 - Southwest Airlines of the US. This is more because Southwest is not very conventional in their approach or running an Airline business, Southwest Airlines have a distinctive strategy, Some of their more significant strategies would be using a single aircraft instead of multiple aircraft and forgoing having a reservation system like most major airlines. However even though Southwest’s Strategy is to be as plain and simple without all the frills other major airlines are offering, they are still the major leaders in the Airline Industry This proves that in business; if you are not the leader, never play the game according to the rules that the leader has set.